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An Emery County, Utah sheriff's deputy stopped Defendant for speeding. A computer check revealed that the automobile was rented and that neither Defendant nor his passenger was authorized to drive it. The deputy contacted the car rental company, which requested that the car be impounded. The rental company also consented to a search of the car. When the deputy informed Defendant that the car would be impounded and he and his passenger would be driven to a bus station to continue their trip, Defendant became visibly upset and began removing numerous items from the car, including a black bag from the trunk. After Defendant placed the black bag on the pavement, he began to remove articles from it when the deputy specifically asked him if the bag contained any weapons. Promptly thereafter, the deputy ordered defendant to stop reaching into the bag. Defendant then stepped away from the bag. Immediately thereafter, the deputy looked in the bag and discovered the narcotics. The deputy arrested Defendant. Defendant filed a motion to suppress, alleging the deputy's search of the black bag violated his Fourth Amendment rights.⁽¹⁾

After an evidentiary hearing, the district court ruled that the black bag would have been opened and searched in the course of an inventory search of the car. Thus, although the deputy inspected the contents of the bag before the inventory search, the district court concluded that the evidence inevitably would have been discovered. See United States v. Haro-Salcedo, 107 F.3d 769, 773 (10th Cir. 1997) (if evidence seized unlawfully would have been inevitably discovered pursuant to a legal search, such evidence is admissible) (citing Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 444 (1984)). Therefore, the district court ruled the evidence admissible and denied Defendant's motion to suppress.

In reviewing the district court's denial of a motion to suppress, we examine the court's findings of fact for clear error, viewing all facts in the light most favorable to the government, but review de novo the reasonableness of the seizure and search. Haro-Salcedo, 107 F.3d at 771. We may affirm a district court's holding on grounds not relied on by the district court, so long as the record is sufficient to permit conclusions of law. See Bunner 134 F.3d at 1005. Our review of the record compels us to conclude that the deputy's search of the black bag was permissible for reasons other than an inevitable inventory search.

A police officer may conduct a limited search for weapons if he "possesses a reasonable belief based on 'specific and articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant' the officer in believing that the suspect is dangerous and the suspect may gain immediate control of weapons." Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1049 (1983) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968)) (footnote omitted)). Where a police officer has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual, he may conduct a reasonable search for weapons for his own protection, even if he does not have probable cause for arrest, and even if he is not certain that the individual is armed. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. The question is whether a reasonably prudent officer drawing reasonable inferences from the facts in light of his experience would believe his safety was in danger. See id.

In this case, Defendant became visibly upset when the deputy informed him that the car would be impounded. Defendant attempted to argue with the deputy about impounding the car. He angrily tossed his belongings from the car onto the pavement. At the hearing, the deputy testified that he was "very concerned that [Defendant] would become confrontational" because he was "becoming increasingly agitated." R. Supp. Vol. V at 25. The deputy further testified that he informed Defendant that for the deputy's own safety he would check the black bag for weapons. See id. at 15.

The deputy was justifiably concerned for his safety because of Defendant's obvious distress and erratic behavior. As the Supreme Court stated in Long, 463 U.S. at 1049, "roadside encounters between police and suspects are especially hazardous, and . . . danger may arise from the possible presence of weapons in the area surrounding a suspect." The black bag was within Defendant's reach and large enough to contain a weapon. The deputy properly restricted his search "to those areas to which [defendant] would generally have immediate control, and that could contain a weapon." Id. at 1050. Accordingly, we hold that the deputy's search of the black bag was reasonable because he was justifiably concerned for his safety in checking the bag for weapons.

The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Utah is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Bobby R. Baldock

Circuit Judge

^*. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

^**. After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties' request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

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