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In Black Hills Aviation, Inc. v. United States,⁽²⁾ we explained that the discretionary function exception involves a two-pronged analysis. Under the first prong, the court "must determine whether a specific and mandatory regulation, statute or policy requires a particular course of action."⁽³⁾ If so, the exception does not apply. If there is no such mandate, the court must proceed to the second prong and "determine whether the discretion involved in the governmental act . . . [was] 'based upon considerations of public policy.'"⁽⁴⁾

Under the first prong of the analysis, Grothaus and Taylor argue that the Act of August 4, 1947 (1947 Act),⁽⁵⁾ and the federal government's general trust obligations mandated that the government represent their interests in the garnishment proceeding. But we agree with the district court that the garnishment proceeding did not constitute the type of conveyance of land contemplated by the 1947 Act and that nothing in the government's trust obligations required it to represent Grothaus or Taylor's interests in the proceeding. Rather, the government's appearance in the proceeding was discretionary under section 3 of the Act of April 12, 1926 (1926 Act),⁽⁶⁾ and under 25 C.F.R. § 16.3. Furthermore, no claim can be made that any regulation, statute or policy required the government to take any specific position in the proceeding. Thus, we proceed to the second prong of the analysis.

Under the second prong, Grothaus and Taylor argue that the position the Department took in the garnishment proceeding did not implicate public policy. But in United States v. Gaubert,⁽⁷⁾ the Supreme Court concluded that the existence of a regulation conferring discretion on a government employee creates a "strong presumption" that the exercise of that discretion is grounded in policy. 25 C.F.R. § 16.3 confers such discretion here.⁽⁸⁾ Grothaus and Taylor cannot overcome this presumption.

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Thomas M. Reavley

Senior Circuit Judge

^*.This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

^2.Honorable Thomas M. Reavley, United States Senior Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation.

^1. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a).

^2. 34 F.3d 968, 972-73 (10th Cir. 1994).

^3. Id. at 972.

^4. Id. at 973 (quoting Berkovitz v. United States, 486 U.S. 531, 537 (1988)).

^5. Ch. 458, 61 Stat. 732 (also known as the Stigler Act).

^6. Ch. 115, 44 Stat. 239.

^7. 499 U.S. 315, 324 (1991).

^8. 25 C.F.R. § 16.6 authorizes attorneys appearing in state court under § 16.3 to take such actions as the Secretary of the Interior could take were he appearing personally.

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