PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

RANDALL EUGENE CANNON,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

GARY GIBSON, Warden, Oklahoma State Penitentiary,

Respondent-Appellee.

No. 99-6311

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the W. District of Oklahoma

(D.C. No. 97-CV-346-L)

Jack Fisher, Edmond, Oklahoma, for Petitioner-Appellant.

William L. Humes , Assistant Attorney General of Oklahoma, (W. A. Drew Edmondson , Attorney General of Oklahoma, with him on the brief), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Respondent-Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR, LUCERO, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Randall Eugene Cannon appeals from the district court's denial of his federal habeas corpus petition brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. In his petition, Cannon lodged numerous challenges to his Oklahoma first degree murder and arson convictions and to his death sentence. The district court denied relief as to each claim but granted Cannon a certificate of appealability ("COA") to raise five issues on appeal. See supra section II.B. After conducting a case management conference, this court granted Cannon a COA to raise three additional issues. See supra section II.B. After a thorough review of the record and consideration of Cannon's appellate contentions, this court concludes that Cannon is not entitled to habeas relief. Accordingly, this court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(c) and affirms the district court's denial of Cannon's § 2254 habeas corpus petition.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Cannon and his co-defendant Loyd LaFevers were convicted in state court of murdering eighty-four-year-old Addie Hawley. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals ("OCCA") recounted the facts of the crime as follows:

On June 24, 1985, [LaFevers] and . . . Cannon decided to steal a car after [LaFevers'] car broke down in a northwest Oklahoma City neighborhood. After selecting a house in the neighborhood, the two men forced their way into the home of eighty-four year old Addie Hawley. They ransacked her home, taking eight dollars from her purse, along with the keys to her car and the garage door opener. The two took her out of the house and into the car. Cannon, who was driving the car, drove for just over a mile before pulling over so that they could put Hawley in the trunk.

The two men drove to a convenience store where they bought a two liter bottle of orange soda. After drinking some of the soda, they poured the rest out and filled the bottle with gasoline. [LaFevers] directed Cannon to drive to a secluded area where he removed Hawley from the trunk of the car. Although there was evidence presented at trial that indicated that Hawley was raped, neither defendant admitted having committed rape or sodomy. Each man indicated in his pretrial confession to police and during his testimony at trial that the other man had committed the sexual offenses while he remained as a lookout.

After the completion of the sex acts, one of the two men, again each blamed the other, poured gasoline from the orange soda bottle on Hawley and set her on fire. They drove the car a short distance away and also set it on fire.

Rescue personnel were called to the scene soon after the fires were set. Although Hawley had been burned over sixty percent of her body, she was still alive. She had suffered a blunt injury to the forehead and had two black eyes along with multiple cuts and bruises. She died a short time after being taken to the hospital.

Lafevers v. State, 819 P.2d 1362, 1364 (Okla. Crim. App. 1991) (footnote omitted); see also Cannon v. State, 827 P.2d 1339, 1340-41 (Okla. Crim. App. 1992) (noting that facts of Cannon's case were detailed in the OCCA's original opinion in Lafevers); Cannon v. State, 904 P.2d 89, 100-01 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995) (Cannon I) (setting forth in detail contents of Cannon's written statement to police and taped confession).

B. Procedural Background

An Oklahoma jury found Cannon guilty of first degree murder, rape, forcible sodomy, and arson.1 The jury sentenced Cannon to death for the murder conviction. On direct appeal, the OCCA vacated the rape and sodomy convictions, concluding they were not supported by sufficient evidence; it affirmed the murder and arson convictions and death sentence. See Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 102, 108. Cannon then filed an application for post-conviction relief, along with a request for an evidentiary hearing, directly with the OCCA.2 The OCCA rejected the request for an evidentiary hearing and denied Cannon's application for post-conviction relief. See Cannon v. State, 933 P.2d 926, 930 (Okla. Crim. App. 1997) (Cannon II).

After the OCCA denied his request for post-conviction relief, Cannon filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition in federal district court. The district court denied relief as to each of the numerous claims set forth in the petition. It did, however, grant Cannon a COA, see 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), to raise the following five claims on appeal: (1) statements Cannon made after his arrest were improperly admitted at trial because the statements were fruits of an illegal arrest and detention; (2) evidence seized during a warrantless search of Cannon's home was improperly admitted at trial; (3) trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective during the guilt phase of the trial; (4) prosecutors violated Cannon's due process rights when they failed to disclose, in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), evidence favorable to the defense; and (5) trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective during the penalty phase of the trial.

This court conducted a case management conference. See In re: Procedures for the Management of Death Penalty Matters issued Apr. 8, 1999. At the conclusion of that conference, Judge Porfilio issued a case management order granting Cannon a COA as to the following additional three claims: (1) the trial court denied Cannon his constitutional right to an impartial jury when it removed a prospective juror for cause; (2) the aiding and abetting instructions given at trial allowed the jury to convict Cannon of malice aforethought murder without any showing that he intended to kill the victim; and (3) the death penalty is invalid because the trial court failed to instruct the jury, pursuant to Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987) and Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 (1982), to make findings as to whether Cannon had the specific intent to kill the victim.3

III. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

Because Cannon filed his § 2254 habeas petition on September 29, 1997, well after the April 24, 1996 effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"),4 this court reviews Cannon's petition pursuant to the revised standards of review set out in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) and (e).5 See Moore v. Gibson, 195 F.3d 1152, 1160-61 (10th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1208 (2000). This court recently stated as follows regarding the revised standards of review set forth in § 2254(d)(1):

The Supreme Court . . . elucidated the opaque language of § 2254(d)(1) in Williams v. Taylor, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1518-23 (2000) (opinion of O'Connor, J.). Speaking for a majority of the Court in her separate concurring opinion, Justice O'Connor noted the AEDPA allows a federal court to grant habeas relief under § 2254(d)(1) only if the relevant state-court decision was either "contrary to" or "an unreasonable application of" established Supreme Court precedent. See id. at 1519. As for § 2254(d)(1)'s "contrary to" clause, Justice O'Connor noted that a state-court decision would be contrary to the Court's clearly established precedent in two circumstances: (1) "the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [the Court's] cases"; or (2) "the state court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the] Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from" the result reached by the Supreme Court. Id. at 1519, 1519-20. Under the "unreasonable application" clause, on the other hand, a federal habeas court may grant the writ only if "the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the] Court's decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case." Id. at 1523. To be clear, "[u]nder § 2254(d)(1)'s 'unreasonable application' clause . . . , a federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable." Id. at 1522.

Thomas v. Gibson, 218 F.3d 1213, 1219-20 (10th Cir. 2000).

To the extent that the state court has not addressed the merits of a claim and "the federal district court made its own determination in the first instance," this court reviews "the district court's conclusions of law de novo and its findings of fact, if any, for clear error." LaFevers v. Gibson, 182 F.3d 705, 711 (10th Cir. 1999).

B. Guilt Phase Issues

1. Confession Obtained in Violation of the Fourth Amendment

In his habeas petition, Cannon argued that the Oklahoma state courts committed constitutional error when they refused to suppress certain statements he made shortly after his arrest. In particular, Cannon argued that his arrest was illegal because the outstanding warrants for which he was arrested were invalid. He thus argued the custodial statements were fruits of an illegal arrest. The district court concluded that it was barred from reaching the merits of Cannon's claim because Cannon received an opportunity for full and fair litigation of the claim in state court. See Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494 (1976) ("[W]e conclude that where the State has provided an opportunity for full and fair litigation of a Fourth Amendment Claim, a state prisoner may not be granted federal habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in an unconstitutional search or seizure was introduced at his trial." (footnote omitted)).

On appeal, Cannon asserts the district court erred in applying Stone to bar habeas relief because he never received a full and fair opportunity to litigate this claim in state court.6 Whether Cannon had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claim in state court is a question of law this court reviews de novo. See Miranda v. Cooper, 967 F.2d 392, 401 (10th Cir. 1992). This court has held that "Stone's 'opportunity for full and fair consideration' and/or 'litigation' includes, but is not limited to[,] the procedural opportunity to raise or otherwise present a Fourth Amendment claim[] and the full and fair evidentiary hearing contemplated by Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293 (1963)." Id. That standard further "contemplates recognition and at least colorable application of the correct Fourth Amendment constitutional standards." Gamble v. Oklahoma, 583 F.2d 1161, 1165 (10th Cir. 1978). Upon de novo review of the district court order and the entire state court record, this court agrees that Cannon had a full and fair opportunity to litigate this claim in state court.

Prior to trial, Cannon filed a discovery motion asking that the trial court order the prosecution to disclose "[c]opies of any arrest warrants and affidavits obtained or issued in this case." Although the record does not disclose whether the trial court acted on this request, it did hold a hearing regarding the propriety of Cannon's arrest. Detective Ron Mitchell of the Oklahoma City Police Department testified that he arrested Cannon because he "had an outstanding . . . misdemeanor warrant and then also a couple of back traffic tickets." Mitchell testified he learned of the outstanding warrants by calling the police department's Crime Information Unit ("CIU"); the CIU then called the issuing entity to verify that the warrants were still valid. According to Mitchell, the CIU verified the existence of both the misdemeanor warrant and traffic warrants. Mitchell testified that he never personally verified the existence of the misdemeanor warrant, but that the traffic warrants "had to be in hand in order to book somebody on those charges."

Cannon testified that no outstanding warrants existed on the day he was arrested and that he had previously paid all fines related to the misdemeanor and traffic charges. He requested that the trial court hold its ruling in abeyance until he could present receipts for payment of the fines. Cannon also asked that the prosecution produce the warrants for examination by the trial court. In response, the prosecution argued that it was not necessary to produce the warrants because the trial court could rely on the testimony of Mitchell. The trial court rejected Cannon's request, ruling as follows: "The Defendant's motion to hold in abeyance the ruling is overruled, and the motion to suppress the evidence of the arrest is overruled. All right. The evidence will be admitted."

When Cannon raised this claim on direct appeal, the OCCA noted in a footnote that "[a] copy of the [misdemeanor] warrant was submitted as a supplemental record on appeal and accepted as tendered for filing on April 1. 1994." Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 95 n.7. The OCCA held the warrant was valid on its face "and any possible error would be harmless because Cannon has not shown he was prejudiced." Id at 95. Although there is no indication the OCCA was provided with copies of the traffic warrants, that court also held that "the traffic warrants appear sufficient to uphold the legality of the arrest." Id.7

Like the district court, we conclude this procedural history demonstrates that the state court proceedings sufficed to provide Cannon with an opportunity for full and fair litigation of this claim. When Cannon first raised this claim, the trial court conducted a hearing outside the presence of the jury, at which time it heard testimony and received all evidence that was readily available to be presented. Based upon the evidence presented during the hearing, the trial court concluded that Cannon's arrest comported with the Fourth Amendment and ruled that all evidence flowing from Cannon's arrest was admissible. When this claim was raised on direct appeal, the OCCA allowed the record to be expanded with a copy of the arrest warrant. See Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 95 n.7. There is no indication in the record that Cannon attempted or requested to have the record expanded with other materials relating to the outstanding warrants that he now identifies as relevant in his § 2254 habeas petition. The OCCA reviewed Cannon's claim in light of the evidence presented to the trial court as well as the additional material first presented as part of his direct appeal. Based on that review, the OCCA rejected Cannon's challenge to the legality of his arrest. See id. at 95.

Despite this procedural history, Cannon asserts on appeal that he did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate this claim because the prosecution never produced copies of the relevant warrants prior to or at the suppression hearing. This court is not convinced, under the particular facts of this case, that the prosecution's failure to produce the warrants at the suppression hearing deprived Cannon of his ability to fully and fairly litigate his illegal-arrest claim. First, the district court specifically found that all of the documents relevant to the validity of the misdemeanor warrant were in the files of the Oklahoma County District Court and were freely available to Cannon for a period of several years prior to his trial.8 Furthermore, the opinion of the OCCA in Cannon I makes clear that the parties were afforded an opportunity to supplement the direct appeal record with the documentary material relevant to this claim. See id. at 95 n.7. Accordingly, Cannon cannot claim that the prosecution's failure to produce relevant documents precluded him from obtaining a full and fair litigation of his illegal-arrest claim.

2. Warrantless Search of Home

In addition to his illegal-arrest claim, Cannon also asserted in his habeas petition that a warrantless search of his home on the morning following his arrest violated the Fourth Amendment. In particular, Cannon asserted that Oklahoma failed to prove that he knowingly and voluntarily consented to the search. As with Cannon's illegal-arrest claim, the district court concluded that a review of the merits of this claim was barred by Stone. Upon de novo review, see Miranda, 967 F.2d at 401, this court agrees that Cannon was afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate this claim in state court. See Stone, 428 U.S. at 494.

Cannon's primary contention on appeal is that he was denied a full and fair opportunity to litigate this claim because the state trial court did not make specific, express findings that Cannon actually consented to the search or that any such consent was voluntary. A review of the state trial record clearly demonstrates, however, that the state trial court implicitly made the requisite findings after a full and fair evidentiary hearing on the validity of the warrantless search. The state trial court held an in camera hearing on the validity of the warrantless search pursuant to Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368 (1964). At both that hearing and later before the jury, Lieutenant Pacheco of the Oklahoma City Police Department testified at length regarding the circumstances surrounding Cannon's consent to the search. In summary, Pacheco testified that Cannon consented to the search of his home upon the condition that his parents or brother would be present during the search. He further testified that Cannon was not physically impaired at the time he gave consent and that he was not "hurr[ied]" into providing consent.

During his own testimony at the Jackson v. Denno hearing, Cannon testified that the signature on the consent form the prosecution had attempted to introduce was not his.9 He also testified that he did not remember giving consent to a search of his home. At the request of his trial counsel, Cannon submitted an exemplar of his signature to the trial court for comparison with the signature on the photocopied consent form.

On direct appeal, the OCCA discussed the evidence presented at the Jackson v. Denno hearing as well as the evidence presented by Pacheco in open court. See Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 95-96. The OCCA noted that the "trial court found Cannon gave knowing and voluntary consent to search." Id. at 96. The OCCA concluded that the trial court's finding was well supported by Pacheco's testimony both during the in camera hearing and before the jury. See id.

Despite the litigation of this claim in a Jackson v. Denno hearing, at trial, and on direct appeal to the OCCA, Cannon argues that the state courts did not actually consider this Fourth Amendment claim because the trial court did not make specific, explicit findings regarding the existence and voluntariness of his consent and because the OCCA simply affirmed the trial court's "non-existent" findings. Cannon equates the failure to make specific, explicit findings to a failure to consider his arguments and cites Reed v. Farley, 512 U.S. 339, 346 (1994), for the proposition that the Stone bar should not apply on collateral review if the state court failed to consider a petitioner's arguments.

Under the facts of this case, we cannot conclude that the state trial court's failure to make specific, explicit findings constitutes a failure to consider Cannon's arguments regarding the validity of the warrantless search. As the procedural history set out above clearly demonstrates, Cannon's arguments regarding the validity of the search were extensively litigated before the trial court. The trial court's decision to admit the fruits of the search after the in camera hearing and Pacheco's testimony in open court certainly constitutes an implicit determination that Cannon knowingly and voluntarily consented to the search. Furthermore, on direct appeal the OCCA reviewed the merits of this implicit finding and determined it was well supported by the record. See Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 96. Like the district court, we conclude that the record belies Cannon's assertion that the Oklahoma court did not consider his arguments regarding the validity of the warrantless search of his home.

Cannon further argues that he was denied a full and fair opportunity to litigate his illegal-search claim because the OCCA improperly denied him the benefit of the state-law rule announced in Schorr v. State, 499 P.2d 450 (Okla. Crim. App. 1972). Cf. Gamble, 583 F.2d at 1165 (holding that a predicate to the applicability of the Stone bar is the "recognition and at least colorable application of the correct Fourth Amendment constitutional standards" by the state courts). A review of the OCCA's opinion on direct appeal, however, clearly demonstrates that the OCCA decision constitutes a "colorable" analysis of the state-law rule announced in Schorr so as to satisfy the concept announced in Gamble. In addressing Cannon's claim based on Schorr, the OCCA held as follows:

Evidence did not show whether Pacheco repeated the Miranda warnings before asking Cannon for consent to search. Cannon claims this Court has held that a valid custodial consent to search must be preceded by Miranda warnings. He relies on Schorr v. State, 499 P.2d 450 (Okl. Cr. 1972), overruled on other grounds, Rowbotham v. State, 542 P.2d 610 (Okl. Cr. 1975), judgment vacated and remanded, 428 U.S. 907 (1976), modified to life imprisonment, 554 P.2d 814 (Okl. Cr. 1976). Although nothing specifically overrules this portion of Schorr, it is cited only in dissenting or questioning opinions subsequent to Rowbotham. Since Rowbotham this Court has not held Miranda warnings are required before obtaining consent to search. The record here does not show whether Pacheco gave Cannon Miranda warnings when discussing the consent form, but Cannon received such warnings on the evening of the 25th when he was taken into custody and booked. Cannon has not alleged that he requested an attorney or invoked his right to silence at that time. Testimony showed that officers did not speak to Cannon between booking and Pacheco's visit. Cannon does not allege that he did not understand his rights vis a vis the consent form.

Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 96 n.13. In light of this analysis, this court concludes, as did the district court, that Cannon's arguments regarding Schorr are more akin to an attack on the merits of the OCCA decision rather than a charge that the OCCA willfully misapplied constitutional law.

Finally, Cannon incorporates his arguments with regard to his illegal-arrest claim, see supra section III.B.1., asserting that because his arrest was illegal, his consent to the warrantless search obtained while he was in custody on an illegal arrest is necessarily invalid as well. In that regard, he further asserts that because he was denied the opportunity to fully and fairly litigate the illegal arrest claim based on the prosecution's Brady violation and ineffective assistance of counsel, he was also necessarily denied the ability to fully and fairly litigate his illegal-search claim. These assertions fail for the reasons set out in rejecting Cannon's Brady claim, see infra section III.B.4., and in rejecting Cannon's claim of ineffective assistance, see supra section III.B.1., at p. 13 n.8 & infra III.B.3.

3. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his habeas petition, Cannon sought to raise the following three claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel: (1) counsel was ineffective in failing to challenge the seizure of a gun taken from Cannon's home at the time of his arrest; (2) counsel was ineffective in failing to request a handwriting expert to contest the prosecution's assertion that the signature on the "search waiver" was Cannon's; and (3) counsel was ineffective in not adequately investigating and presenting Cannon's illegal-arrest claim. Although it recognized that Cannon had not raised these claims in state court and that the claims were therefore unexhausted, the district court chose to deny relief on the merits pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2).10 This court, however, denies Cannon relief as to these claims under the doctrine of procedural bar. See Medlock v. Ward, 200 F.3d 1314, 1322 (10th Cir. 2000) (denying habeas relief on the basis of procedural bar despite fact that district court had denied relief on the merits pursuant to § 2254(b)(2)).

Except for a few narrow exceptions, § 2254 habeas petitioners must exhaust available state court remedies before seeking habeas relief. See id.; Smallwood v. Gibson, 191 F.3d 1257, 1267 (10th Cir. 1999); see also generally 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1). It is uncontested that Cannon never raised any of his three federal habeas claims of ineffective assistance in state court and has, therefore, failed to exhaust his state court remedies. See Thomas, 218 F.3d at 1221. "Nevertheless the Supreme Court has held that if a petitioner 'failed to exhaust state remedies and the court to which the petitioner would be required to present his claims in order to meet the exhaustion requirement would now find the claims procedurally barred' the claims are considered exhausted and procedurally defaulted for purposes of federal habeas relief." Id. (quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 735 n.1 (1991)). "Oklahoma deems waived claims that were not raised in an initial application for post-conviction relief in a death penalty case." Medlock, 200 F.3d at 1323 (citing Okla. Stat. tit. 22, § 1086, 1089(D)(2)); see also Thomas, 218 F.3d at 1221 (citing Medlock).

This court may not consider issues raised in a habeas petition "that have been defaulted in state court on an independent and adequate procedural ground[] unless the petitioner can demonstrate cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice." English v. Cody, 146 F.3d 1257, 1259 (10th Cir. 1998). Cannon does not assert that his procedural default is overcome by cause and prejudice or that application of the procedural bar will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Instead, he raises a more fundamental challenge to the Oklahoma procedural bar to claims not raised in an initial petition for post- conviction review: the bar should be disregarded because it does not adequately protect the rights of petitioners to litigate ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims in state court. The problem with this argument, however, is that it is clearly foreclosed by a series of recent Tenth Circuit cases affirming the adequacy of the Oklahoma procedural bar relating to claims not raised in an initial state petition for post-conviction review. See Thomas, 218 F.3d at 1221-22; Medlock, 200 F.3d at 1323; Smallwood, 191 F.3d at 1267-69; Moore v. Reynolds, 153 F.3d 1086, 1097 (10th Cir. 1998). In particular, this court in Medlock cited to the relevant provisions of the Oklahoma code, Okla. Stat. tit. 22, §§ 1086, 1089(D)(2), and held that "[d]espite the especially vigilant scrutiny we apply in examining procedural bars to ineffective assistance claims, we have held that Oklahoma's procedural bar to claims not raised on initial post-conviction review is independent and adequate." 200 F.3d at 1323. Absent some alteration of the status quo by the OCCA or the Oklahoma legislature, something not alleged by Cannon, this panel is bound by the rule announced by Thomas, Medlock, Smallwood, and Moore. See United States v. Myers, 200 F.3d 715, 720 (10th Cir. 2000) ("We are bound by the precedent of prior panels absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding contrary decision by the Supreme Court." (quotation omitted)); cf. Strauth v. Nat'l Union Firs Ins. Co. of Pittsburg, 236 F.3d 1260, 1267 (10th Cir. 2001) (noting special variant of stare decisis under which "any panel of this Court [must] follow an earlier panel's interpretation of state law absent a supervening declaration to the contrary by the state's courts or an intervening change in the state law"). Because this court has definitively and repeatedly held that Oklahoma's procedural bar of ineffective assistance claims not raised in an initial state petition for post-conviction relief is independent and adequate, and because Cannon does not argue that his default is excused by cause and prejudice or that the application of the bar would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice, this court is precluded from reaching the merits of these ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims.

4. Brady Violation

In his habeas petition, Cannon argued that the prosecution violated Brady by failing to disclose prior to trial the misdemeanor arrest warrant, the underlying Application to Revoke Suspended Sentence supporting the warrant, and the District Court Appearance Docket Sheet for Oklahoma County. Cannon argued that these documents were material and exculpatory and that the prosecution's failure to disclose the documents prevented him from adequately litigating his illegal-arrest and warrantless-search claims. In response, Oklahoma asserted that Cannons' Brady claim was procedurally barred because Cannon had never raised the claim on direct appeal.11

In resolving this claim, the district court agreed that Cannon had never presented his Brady claim to the state courts for resolution and that the claim would be procedurally barred under Oklahoma law if it were now presented in state court. See Okla. Stat. tit. 22, § 1086. The district court concluded, however, that the procedural bar was not adequate to bar federal habeas corpus review because it had not been applied strictly, regularly, or evenhandedly to all similar claims. See English, 146 F.3d at 1259 (noting that in order to bar federal habeas corpus review, a state procedural bar must be independent and adequate and holding that "[a]s a general rule, this court has concluded that in order to be adequate, a state rule of procedural default must be applied evenhandedly in the vast majority of cases"). In particular, the district court identified four Oklahoma cases in which the OCCA addressed the merits of a Brady claim in a first or subsequent post-conviction proceeding even though the claim was not raised on direct appeal. See Van Woudenberg v. State, 942 P.2d 224, 227 (Okla. Crim. App. 1997); Rojem v. State, 925 P.2d 70, 73-75 (Okla. Crim. App. 1996); Munson v. State, 886 P.2d 999, 1000 (Okla. Crim. App. 1994); Castleberry v. State, 590 P.2d 697, 701 (Okla. Crim. App. 1979). In contrast, the district court identified only seven cases during the same time period in which the OCCA refused to address the merits of a Brady claim because it was not raised on direct appeal. See Slaughter v. State, 969 P.2d 990, 994 (Okla. Crim. App. 1998); Richie v. State, 957 P.2d 1192, 1197 (Okla. Crim. App. 1998); Johnson v. State, 952 P.2d 1003, 1007 (Okla. Crim. App. 1998); Scott v. State, 942 P.2d 755, 758-59 (Okla. Crim. App. 1997); Powell v. State, 935 P.2d 378, 385 (Okla. Crim. App. 1997); Newsted v. State, 908 P.2d 1388, 1391-92 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995); Hale v. State, 807 P.2d 264, 269 (Okla. Crim. App. 1991). Because, by its count, the OCCA had failed to apply the procedural bar in almost forty percent of relevant cases, the district court concluded that the procedural bar applicable to Brady claims not raised on direct appeal was inadequate.

Unfortunately, the district court did not have the benefit of this court's decision in Hale v. Gibson, 227 F.3d 1298, 1330 n.15 (10th Cir. 2000) at the time it issued its decision. In Hale, this court examined the adequacy of the procedural bar at issue here and "again conclude[d] that section 1086 is an adequate state bar to Brady claims raised on post-conviction review that could have been raised on direct appeal." Id. In so doing, this court specifically held that two of the cases relied on by the district court in the instant case, Rojem and Castleberry, did not support a conclusion that the § 1086 procedural bar was not applied in an evenhanded manner. See id. In particular, this court noted that, in both Rojem and Castleberry, the OCCA addressed the Brady issue for the first time in a post-
conviction proceeding because the claims fell within an exception set out in § 1086 for claims which for sufficient reason were not asserted or were inadequately raised on direct appeal. See id. Furthermore, Hale identified two additional cases in which the OCCA applied the procedural bar to Brady claims raised for the first time in state petitions for post-conviction relief. See id. (citing Smith v. State, 878 P.2d 375, 377 (Okla. Crim. App. 1994) and Banks v. State, 810 P.2d 1286, 1289 (Okla. Crim. App. 1991)).12

Hale thus not only expanded the universe of cases, beyond those identified by the district court, in which the OCCA applied the procedural bar to Brady claims not raised on direct appeal, it also rejected as dissimilar two cases relied on by the district court in determining the procedural bar was not regularly applied. See id. ("'The test . . . is whether the state courts' actual application of the particular procedural default rule to all similar claims has been evenhanded in the vast majority of cases.'" (quoting Maes v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 979, 986 (10th Cir. 1995)). Accordingly, the question is whether the two remaining cases identified by the district court in which the OCCA did not apply the procedural bar to a Brady claim not raised on direct appeal are sufficient, in light of this expanded universe of cases, to conclude that the procedural bar is inadequate.

In considering one of these two remaining cases, Munson, the district court erred in concluding that the OCCA decision supported its view that Oklahoma's procedural bar of Brady claims was not adequate. Although there is no discussion of the procedural bar, the Munson opinion makes clear that the Brady issue could not be adequately raised on direct appeal because much of the material forming the basis of the claim became available only after direct appeal. See 886 P.2d at 1002 ("Despite the district court's order and the prosecutor's assurances that the State had complied with [the discovery orders], a significant amount of evidence, including police reports and photographs, was not turned over to Munson either before or during trial. In fact, some of this evidence was not turned over to defense counsel until the post-conviction evidentiary hearing, which was held more than eight years after the original trial."). Accordingly, we conclude that Munson is not similar to the case at hand and, therefore, not relevant to the question of whether the Oklahoma procedural bar is adequate.

We agree with the district court that the OCCA's failure to apply the procedural bar in Van Woudenberg cannot be explained by reference to the exception in § 1086 for claims that could not be adequately presented on direct appeal. See 942 P.2d at 227 (noting that supposedly suppressed exculpatory statements were discussed on the record at trial); id. at 229 (Lumpkin, J., concurring in the result) ("The proposition raised in the present case could have been raised and addressed in both the direct appeal and the prior post-conviction application. In fact, as the opinion relates it is revealed in the transcript of the trial. Therefore the issue has been waived."). As the above discussion indicates, however, the OCCA's failure to apply the procedural bar in Van Woudenberg is an aberration.

In Andrews v. Deland, this court held that the test of a procedural bar's adequacy is whether the state court's "actual application of the particular procedural default to all similar claims has been evenhanded in the vast majority of cases." 943 F.2d 1162, 1190 (10th Cir. 1991) (quotations omitted). Furthermore, the fact that a state court has overlooked the procedural bar as an "occasional act of grace" is insufficient to conclude that the procedural bar is inadequate. Id. (quotation omitted). With this in mind, we conclude that the decision in Van Woudenberg, standing alone as it does, is insufficient to demonstrate that Oklahoma's procedural bar to Brady claims not raised on direct appeal is inadequate. Accordingly, as we did recently in Hale, this court reaffirms that § 1086 is an adequate state bar to Brady claims which could have been, but were not, raised on direct appeal. See Hale, 227 F.3d at 1330 n.15. Furthermore, even though Cannon did not exhaust his Brady claim in state court, we are convinced the OCCA would not dispense "grace" to Cannon as it did in Van Woudenberg. Given that Cannon raised on direct appeal the alleged illegality of his arrest based on the misdemeanor and traffic warrants, albeit in the Fourth Amendment context, we have no doubt the OCCA would apply its procedural bar to a Brady claim based on the same arguments.

This court may not consider issues raised in a § 2254 habeas petition "that have been defaulted in state court on an independent and adequate procedural ground, unless the petitioner can demonstrate cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice." English, 146 F.3d at 1259. Because Cannon does not assert that a fundamental miscarriage of justice will occur if this court does not address his claim, we examine only whether he has established cause and prejudice for the procedural default. As cause for his procedural default, Cannon asserts that he was not able to bring the claim on direct appeal because the prosecutor failed to turn over the relevant documents prior to the completion of the direct appeal process. In other words, Cannon argues that the prosecutor's violation of Brady itself serves as cause for the failure to raise the Brady claim on direct appeal.

Although this court does not doubt that a prosecutor's failure to disclose exculpatory materials may in certain circumstances serve as cause for the failure to raise a Brady claim in the appropriate state proceeding, see, e.g., Parkus v. Delo, 33 F.3d 933, 940 (8th Cir. 1994), this is not one of those cases. As set out above in discussing Cannon's Fourth Amendment claims, the documents at issue here were included in a discovery request filed by Cannon prior to trial. At the suppression hearing held on Cannon's illegal arrest claim, Cannon specifically informed the state trial court that the prosecution had not produced the documents and once again asked that the documents be produced. In response, the prosecution argued that the trial court could decide the validity of the arrest based solely on the testimony of the arresting officer. The trial court agreed and ruled that the arrest comported with the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, it was absolutely clear early in the trial process that the prosecution had not produced the documents. Furthermore, as noted by the district court, all three documents were available in an open state court file since 1985, approximately eight years before Cannon's trial. Finally, a copy of the arrest warrant was submitted by the state as a supplemental record on direct appeal and accepted as tendered by the OCCA. See Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 95 n.7. Under these circumstances, Cannon's assertion that he could not have discovered the basis of his Brady claim prior to the bringing of his direct appeal lacks merit. Because Cannon has not demonstrated cause for his procedural default, this court may not consider the Brady issue on the merits. See Hale, 227 F.3d at 1330-31.

5. Jury Instructions

At trial, the prosecution offered the jury alternative theories upon which it could convict Cannon of malice aforethought murder: (1) Cannon directly committed the murder; or (2) Cannon aided and abetted LaFevers in committing the murder.13 In his § 2254 habeas petition, Cannon alleged that the aiding and abetting instructions given at trial impermissibly allowed the jury to convict him of malice aforethought murder without any showing he intended that Ms. Hawley be killed. Because Oklahoma law requires proof of specific intent for a malice murder conviction,14 Cannon asserts that the alleged instructional error denied him his Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law.15

On direct appeal, the OCCA rejected Cannon's claim that the aiding and abetting instructions given at trial permitted the jury to convict Cannon of malice murder without finding that he had the specific intent to kill Ms. Hawley. In so doing, the OCCA held as follows:

Nobody contests the fact that, under the aiding and abetting theory, the jury had to find that Cannon was a principal to the crime. Instructions 36 and 37 correctly defined "principal" and aiding and abetting. The remaining instructions clearly set forth the defense of abandonment, the burden of proof, and the definition of criminal intent.

Cannon claims that the malice murder instructions told the jury that Cannon must have caused the victim's death and that the aiding and abetting instructions told them Cannon could be guilty if he did not actually commit the acts. He says "it is not a giant leap" to conclude that an aiding and abetting conviction for malice murder required only general intent. On the contrary, this is a leap of epic proportions. The aiding and abetting instructions cannot be read in a vacuum; they explicitly refer to the underlying charged crime and indicate that the elements of the charged offense must be proved. Read as a whole, the instructions clearly required the jury to find that Cannon's conduct caused Hawley's death and that he intended to take her life, or that he aided and abetted LaFevers' acts knowing of and sharing in LaFevers' intent to take Hawley's life. These instructions were not erroneous.

Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 99.

In this case, the state trial court defined aiding and abetting in Instruction 37 as follows:

One who does not actively commit the offense, but who aids, promotes, or encourages its commission, either by act or counsel or both, is not deemed to be a principal to the crime unless he did what he did knowingly and with criminal intent. To aid or abet another in the commission of a crime implies a consciousness of guilt in instigating, encouraging, promoting, or aiding in the commission of that criminal offense.

(emphasis added). Furthermore, the jury instructions defined criminal intent as the "[d]esign to commit a crime or to commit acts the probable consequences of which are criminal." (emphasis added). Taken together, Cannon asserts that these instructions allowed the jury to convict him of malice murder without finding that he had the specific intent to take Ms. Hawley's life.16

Like the district court, this court concludes that the decision of the OCCA rejecting Cannon's claim of instructional error is neither "contrary to" nor an "unreasonable application of" Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977) and Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Although Cannon would have this court focus very narrowly on a limited number of instructions in determining whether the jury was properly instructed, the Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that instructions must be evaluated not in isolation but, instead, in the context of the entire panoply of instructions.17 In that regard, this court notes that in addition to the two instructions quoted above, the jury was instructed that "malice aforethought" means "a deliberate intention to take away the life of a human being"; that malice aforethought was an element of murder in the first degree18; that the State had to prove each element of the charged crime, including the specific intent to kill, beyond a reasonable doubt19; and, finally, that "[t]he external circumstances surrounding the commission of a homicidal act may be considered in finding whether or not deliberate intent existed in the mind of the defendant to take a human life." Reading these instructions in conjunction with the instructions cited by Cannon, the OCCA concluded that, in order to convict Cannon, the jury was required to "find that Cannon's conduct caused Hawley's death and that he intended to take her life, or that he aided and abetted LaFevers' acts knowing of and sharing in LaFevers' intent to take Hawley's life." Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 99. Upon our independent review of all fifty-nine instructions given to the jury in this case, this court concludes that the decision of the OCCA is neither "contrary to" nor "an unreasonable application of" Patterson and Jackson. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

C. Penalty Phase Issues

1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Cannon argued in his habeas petition before the district court and reasserts on appeal that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel when his trial counsel failed to develop and introduce additional mitigation evidence during the penalty phase of the trial. In particular, Cannon identifies the following three areas of mitigation evidence not developed by counsel at trial: (1) evidence of possible organic brain damage; (2) a social history investigation which would have examined Cannon's childhood and early adult life; and (3) DNA testing of blood stains on Cannon's pants. The district court reviewed these claims on the merits and concluded that, even assuming counsel had rendered substandard performance, Cannon had not carried his burden under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) of demonstrating prejudice. Because the OCCA did not address this claim and the district court made its own determination on the merits,20 this court reviews the district court's resolution of Cannon's ineffective assistance claims de novo. See Smith v. Gibson, 197 F.3d 454, 461 (10th Cir. 1999) (holding that ineffective assistance claims present mixed questions of law and fact which are reviewed de novo); see also LaFevers, 182 F.3d at 711 (holding that, post-AEDPA, when state court did not review case on merits and "federal district court made its own determination in the first instance," this court will review the district court's conclusions of law de novo).

"To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must prove that counsel's performance was constitutionally deficient and that counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the defense." See Wallace v. Ward, 191 F.3d 1235, 1247 (10th Cir. 1999) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1216 (2000). To carry his burden under Strickland's performance prong, Cannon must "demonstrate his counsel committed serious errors in light of prevailing professional norms such that his legal representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Cooks v. Ward, 165 F.3d 1283, 1292 (10th Cir. 1998) (quotations omitted). In so doing, Cannon "must overcome the presumption that counsel's conduct was not constitutionally defective." Wallace, 191 F.3d at 1247 (citation omitted). Because this claim of ineffective assistance relates to the validity of his death sentence, Cannon must demonstrate "a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death" in order to carry his burden under Strickland's prejudice prong. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Taken together, Strickland's performance and prejudice inquiries provide the following benchmark for judging a claim of ineffective assistance: "whether counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result." Id. at 686. "Courts may address the performance and prejudice components in any order and need not address both if a [petitioner] fails to make a sufficient showing of one." Hale, 227 F.3d at 1314.

a.	Failure to Obtain DNA Testing

Cannon argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to have DNA testing performed on a pair of pants admitted at his trial. At trial, the prosecution presented to the jury two pairs of blood-stained pants and asserted that one pair was worn by Cannon ("Exhibit 84) and the other by LaFevers ("Exhibit 83") on the night of the murder. In that regard, Joyce Gilchrist, a forensic chemist employed by the Oklahoma City Police Department ("OCPD"), testified that eight blood stains on Exhibit 84, the pants associated with Cannon, were analyzed for blood type. That analysis revealed four stains of type O blood around the cuffs and back of the pants, three type A stains in various locations on the pants, and one stain that was inconclusive as to type on the inside of the lower leg. Gilchrist further testified that both Cannon and the victim had type O blood and that LaFevers had type A blood. Finally, Gilchrist testified that Exhibit 83, the pants associated with LaFevers, had four type O blood stains and four type B stains.

Following Gilchrist's testimony, the prosecution adduced the testimony of Tom Bevill, an employee of the OCPD with an expertise in "geometric blood stain analysis." As to Exhibit 84, Bevill testified that the majority of the blood on the pants constituted transfer blood, i.e., blood that did not drip or splatter from the blood source but instead came from rubbing against a bloody object or body part, and that there were "very few instances" of medium velocity splatters. Bevill testified that medium velocity blood stains were indicative of force being applied to a bloody surface, such as a physical blow to an already bloodied body part. He further testified that the "majority of the activity as far as medium velocity is going to be very low toward the cuff and primarily to the back side of the pair of jeans." Bevill testified that Exhibit 83 was more heavily stained with blood, including a much larger number of medium velocity blood stains. Based on the testimony of Gilchrist and Bevill, the prosecutor asked the jury to infer that Cannon had directly participated in the beating of the victim before she was set on fire.

In his habeas petition, Cannon argued as follows:

The blood splatter evidence was the foundation of the state's case to make Randy Cannon an active participant in the murder rather than a person who was merely present as argued by defense counsel at trial. From conversations with defendant, there is no question the blood on the trousers is not the victim's blood . . . . DNA testing would have negat[ed] this portion of the state's case to prove Randy Cannon beat Ms. Hawley numerous times causing blood to splatter on his clothing.

The district court rejected this claim, concluding that Cannon had failed to demonstrate any prejudice flowing from counsel's failure to request DNA testing. In support of this conclusion, the district court noted as follows: (1) evidence Cannon participated in beating Ms. Hawley formed only a small part of the prosecution's case; (2) trial counsel's cross-examination of Bevill was effective in demonstrating that LaFevers was, based upon the amount and location of the blood on the clothing introduced into evidence, more involved in the beating of the victim than was Cannon; and (3) the blood-splatter evidence was not unduly stressed during closing arguments. Accordingly, the district court concluded that even if the DNA testing conclusively established that the blood on Exhibit 84 was Cannon's and not the victim's, there was no reasonable probability that the jury would have rendered a different verdict.

On appeal, Cannon simply reasserts the arguments he made before the district court and argues that if DNA evidence were admitted during the second stage of his trial at least one juror would have voted for life. Upon de novo review, this court agrees with the district court that Cannon has not carried his burden of demonstrating prejudice flowing from trial counsel's failure to obtain DNA testing of Exhibit 84.

This court has closely reviewed the testimony of both Gilchrist and Bevill and concludes, like the district court, that the testimony had no impact on the jury's imposition of the death penalty. We begin by noting that trial counsel was exceedingly effective during cross-examination in eliciting testimony regarding two key defense points: (1) it was a matter of pure speculation whether the type O blood on exhibit 84 was the blood of the victim; and (2) assuming the pants adduced by the prosecution were worn by LaFevers and Cannon on the night of the murder, and further assuming that the blood on Exhibit 84 came from the victim, the blood splatter evidence demonstrated that LaFevers was far more involved in the beating of the victim.21 In that regard, this court notes that Gilchrist testified on cross-examination that despite the availability of DNA testing well before trial and the efficacy of such testing on old samples of dried blood, the prosecution had not undertaken to conduct DNA testing on the pants.22 Bevill's testimony regarding the blood on the pants is best described as equivocal. For instance, he testified that the pants appeared to be work pants, that he could not say when the blood stains were deposited on the pants, and that he could not link up the small number of medium velocity blood splatters on the pants with the murder of Ms. Hawley. He also testified that the pants and other clothing associated with LaFevers were far more likely to have been near a violent scene. As to Exhibit 84, Bevill testified that the person wearing those pants "would be at more of a distance [from the victim during the beating] than the person wearing [Exhibit 83]" and that, based on the pattern of the medium velocity blood splatters, might have had his back turned to the scene. Based upon this testimony, the jury was specifically instructed during the penalty phase that Cannon had presented evidence "as to the following mitigating circumstances: 1. Randall Cannon played a lesser role in the death of Addie Hawkins."

In addition to the equivocal nature of the testimony of Gilchrist and Bevill, we note that, considered in context of all of the evidence presented at trial, the blood splatter evidence did not play a particularly significant part in the proceedings. Although the prosecution did ask the jury to infer from the presence of the medium velocity blood splatters on the cuffs and back of Exhibit 84 that Cannon had participated in beating the victim, that evidence was not unduly emphasized during its closing arguments. Furthermore, in considering the likely impact of the prosecutor's closing arguments, this court will not disconnect those comments from the actual evidence presented at trial, evidence that was, as noted above, equivocal. In that regard, we note that the jurors were specifically instructed that it was their responsibility "to determine the facts from the evidence" and that "[n]o statement or argument of the attorneys is evidence." Considered in context of all of the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that Cannon has not carried his burden of demonstrating a reasonable possibility that the result of the penalty phase would have been different if his counsel had DNA tests conducted on Exhibit 84 and those test revealed the blood did not come from the victim.

Our conclusion in this regard is bolstered by the fact that the prosecution presented evidence of Cannon's participation in the other key aspects of the criminal episode leading up to the death, including the dousing of Ms. Hawley with gasoline and setting her on fire. See Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 100-02 (setting forth evidence).23 This court has previously described the facts surrounding the murder of Ms. Hawley as "particularly vile." LaFevers v. Gibson, 238 F.3d 1263, 1268 (10th Cir. 2001). Furthermore, the prosecution's case during the penalty phase was exceedingly strong and the jury found the existence of all three aggravating circumstances presented to it. We simply do not think, upon review of the entire record in this case, that removing Exhibit 84 from the equation alters the balance struck by the jury between the aggravating and mitigating evidence, even considering the additional mitigation evidence discussed below which Cannon claims counsel was ineffective for failing to present at trial. See Williams v. Taylor, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1515 (2000) (holding that in evaluating a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel premised on alleged failure to adduce mitigation evidence courts must "evaluate the totality of the available mitigation evidence—both that adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding—in reweighing it against the evidence in aggravation"); see also Walker v. Gibson, 228 F.3d 1217, 1234 (10th Cir. 2000) (holding that in determining whether petitioner was prejudiced by counsel's failure to present additional mitigation evidence, this court considers the strength of the state's case, the aggravating circumstances the jury found, the mitigation evidence defense counsel did present, and the additional mitigation evidence defense counsel might have presented).

b.	Failure to develop additional mitigation evidence relating to brain damage and social history

Cannon argued in his habeas petition that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to develop the following two strands of mitigation evidence at trial: (1) Cannon suffered from brain damage and a resulting mental disorder which "prevented him from using appropriate judgment in the incident which caused the victim's death"; and (2) a developmental social history demonstrating links between that history and Cannon's conduct at the time of the offense. The district court denied relief, finding that, without regard to whether trial counsel had rendered constitutionally deficient performance, Cannon had failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's failure to adduce these additional strands of mitigation evidence. In so concluding, the district court noted that in an affidavit submitted by Cannon, the expert had opined that the result of the penalty phase would have likely been different if the additional evidence had been presented to the jury. The district court held, however, that this opinion was not supported by objective facts. Instead, after a thorough review of the entire trial transcript and the exhibits submitted by Cannon, the district court concluded that there was no reasonable probability that the jury would have returned a verdict less than death had the additional mitigation evidence been introduced. In particular, the district court identified the brutal nature of the murder and the strength of the other evidence supporting the aggravating factors found by the jury.

This court reviews de novo the district court's conclusion that Cannon was not prejudiced by his counsel's failure to adduce evidence relating to the two additional strands of mitigation evidence. See Smith, 197 F.3d at 461. In assessing the question of prejudice, we evaluate the totality of the available mitigation evidence, both that presented at trial and that identified on habeas review, and weigh it against the strength of the state's case and the aggravating circumstances found by the jury. See Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1515; Walker, 228 F.3d at 1234.

We begin by noting that trial counsel presented substantial mitigation evidence at trial relating to Cannon's exemplary work history; lengthy history of acts of kindness to the elderly, disabled, and destitute; strong, continuing attachment to his young daughter, despite the fact of his continued incarceration; lack of a criminal record before the murder; relatively less culpable role in the murder; and exemplary behavior as a prisoner over the previous eight years. Read holistically, trial counsel's mitigation evidence painted Cannon as a kind, compliant, and responsible individual whose involvement in the murder was an aberration.

The omitted mitigation evidence identified in Cannon's petition comes in the form of affidavits from a clinical psychologist, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and a professor of neurology and pharmacology. Taken together, these affidavits indicate that Cannon suffers from serious brain damage and resulting psychiatric disorders which "distort his perceptions and impair his judgment." The psychiatric disorders flow from organic damage, head trauma, and prolonged alcoholism and drug abuse. The head trauma originated from an incident in which Cannon was hit in the head with a police officer's flashlight.

Cannon asserts on appeal that absent the omitted mitigation evidence an incomplete picture was provided to the jury resulting in its decision to impose the death sentence. In particular, Cannon asserts that the neuropsychological evidence and the social history background could have "explained to the jury how [Cannon] came to participate in this crime and why they should spare his life." This court's review of the omitted evidence, however, leads us to conclude that the evidence is far less beneficial than asserted by Cannon. In particular, the omitted evidence tends to depict Cannon as an unstable individual with very little impulse control. This evidence would have negated much of the mitigation evidence actually adduced by trial counsel and could have strengthened the prosecution's argument that Cannon represented a continuing threat to society. See Davis v. Executive Dir. of Dept. of Corr., 100 F.3d 750, 762 (10th Cir. 1996) (holding that court must carefully review omitted mitigation evidence to determine if it is truly mitigating or, instead, has the possibility of being a "two- edged sword" (quotation omitted)). Furthermore, like the district court, we conclude that the state presented a strong case during the penalty phase as to each of the three aggravating circumstances submitted to the jury and that the murder was particularly brutal. In light of the prosecution's strong case and our conclusion that the omitted mitigation evidence would have displaced rather than supplemented the mitigation evidence actually adduced at trial, we conclude that Cannon has failed to carry his burden of demonstrating prejudice under Strickland.

2. Imposition of Death Penalty in Violation of Enmund and Tison

Cannon asserts that he was sentenced to death without the jury making the individualized culpability findings necessary to render that sentence constitutional under Enmund and Tison.24 The viability of this claim is entirely dependent upon Cannon's assertion that the jury instructions given in this case permitted the jury to convict him of malice aforethought murder without finding beyond a reasonable doubt that he intended the victim die.25 Because this court has already rejected Cannon's claim that the jury was not properly instructed during the guilt phase of the trial, see supra section III.B.5., Cannon's claim based on Enmund and Tison necessarily fails.26

3. Removal of Prospective Juror for Cause

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of an impartial jury, operating together, prohibit the imposition of the death penalty "if the jury that imposed or recommended it was chosen by excluding veniremen for cause simply because they voiced general objections to the death penalty or expressed conscientious or religious scruples against its infliction." Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 521-22 (1968). Instead, "a prospective juror may be excluded for cause because of his or her views on capital punishment" only if those views "would prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and oath." Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424 (1985) (quotation omitted). Cannon asserted in his § 2254 habeas petition that he was denied the impartial jury mandated by Witherspoon and Wainwright when the state trial judge excluded prospective juror Jack Vann for cause.27 In particular, Cannon argues that Vann's responses during voir dire indicated that he would consider imposing the death penalty in an appropriate case despite his personal reservations about the death penalty generally.

The OCCA considered and rejected this claim on the merits on direct appeal, holding as follows:

Cannon . . . argues that prospective juror Vann was improperly excused for cause. Cannon's right to an impartial jury prohibits the exclusion of venire members who voice general objections to the death penalty or express scruples against its imposition. The relevant question is whether the juror's views could prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with the instructions and his oath. . . .

Cannon argues that Vann was improperly excused because he said he was not opposed to the death penalty and in the right case would consider imposing it. A thorough reading of the transcript shows that Vann did not understand what was being asked. Initially he said he was not personally opposed to the death penalty but could not consider imposing it as a juror. Later he agreed he would have preconceived notions of appropriate punishment but admitted he did not know what that phrase meant; that he could consider all punishments but his mind was closed; and that he didn't believe in the death penalty. . . . The record clearly reflects that Vann did not believe in and would not impose the death penalty, and his excusal for cause was not an abuse of discretion.

Cannon I, 904 P.2d at 96-97 (footnotes omitted).

The Supreme Court has made clear that the Witherspoon/Wainwright "standard . . . does not require that a juror's bias be proved with 'unmistakable clarity.'" Id. Instead, in situations where the printed record lacks clarity, "deference must be paid to the trial judge who sees and hears the jurors" as "there will be situations where the trial judge is left with the definite impression that a prospective juror would be unable to faithfully and impartially apply the law." Id. at 425-26. The trial judge's finding as to whether a potential juror is biased is a finding of fact28 which is presumed correct unless rebutted by clear and convincing evidence. See 28 U.S.C. 2254(e)(1).

After conducting a lengthy voir dire, wherein the prosecution, defense counsel, and trial court all questioned Vann, the trial court dismissed Vann for cause. In so doing, the trial court concluded as follows: "The Court is convinced that Mr. Vann cannot properly serve on this jury." In both his habeas petition before the district court and brief before this court on appeal, Cannon cites primarily to responses Vann provided to defense counsel during voir dire and asserts that those responses "clearly and unequivocally" demonstrate that Vann would consider imposing the death penalty in an appropriate case. Like the district court, however, this court concludes that the transcript of voir dire, considered as a whole, supports the trial court's decision to exclude Vann for cause.29

During initial questioning by the prosecution, Vann unequivocally indicated that although he was not opposed to the death penalty per se, he could not personally vote to impose that ultimate penalty. Defense counsel attempted to rehabilitate Vann as a potential juror during his portion of voir dire. As accurately noted by Cannon, Vann does appear to have retreated, during defense counsel's voir dire, from his earlier unequivocal statements regarding his unwillingness to impose the death penalty. In light of this apparent change of heart, the trial court conducted its own voir dire of Vann. The initial part of the exchange between Vann and the trial court is best characterized as confused. Although Vann did state at various times during the initial part of the trial court's voir dire that he could consider the death penalty as a possible punishment, it is clear that the trial court thought Vann's responses were hesitant and unclear. Apparently feeling that Vann was embarrassed by the personal nature of these questions, the trial court called Vann to the bench and asked him a series of questions outside of the hearing of the other potential jurors. At this time, Vann once again unequivocally expressed that he could not personally sentence a person to death.

The trial court's finding that Vann could not properly serve on the jury is well-supported by the record as a whole. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), (e)(1). Furthermore, in reviewing Cannon's Witherspoon claim on direct appeal, the OCCA applied the controlling Supreme Court precedent (i.e., Witherspoon and Wainwright) and concluded that Cannon was not entitled to relief. See id. § 2254(d)(1). Because Cannon has failed to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the trial court's factual finding was incorrect, and because the decision of the OCCA is not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent, Cannon is not entitled to habeas relief.30

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set out above, the order of the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma denying Cannon's § 2254 habeas petition is hereby AFFIRMED.