UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

VICTOR DANIEL CHAVARRIA-
AHUMADA,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 02-2263

(District of New Mexico)

(D.C. No. CIV-02-709 JC)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before SEYMOUR, MURPHY, and O'BRIEN, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

This matter is before the court on Victor Daniel Chavarria-Ahumada's pro se request for a certificate of appealability ("COA"). Chavarria-Ahumada seeks a COA so that he can appeal the district court's dismissal of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (providing that no appeal may be taken from a final order denying a § 2255 motion unless the movant first obtains a COA). Because Chavarria-Ahumada has not made a "substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right," id. § 2253(c)(2), this court denies his request for a COA and dismisses the appeal.

Chavarria-Ahumada pleaded guilty to illegally reentering the United States after having been previously deported following conviction for an aggravated felony; he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of fifty-seven months. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), (b). His plea agreement contained a waiver of his right to appeal or collaterally attack his conviction. Nevertheless, Chavarria-Ahumada filed the instant § 2255 motion alleging that his counsel was ineffective and that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary. In essence, Chavarria-Ahumada argued that his attorney had misled him into signing a plea agreement which bargained away his right to appeal or collaterally attack his conviction in exchange for sentence reduction that he would have received anyway. In denying relief, the district court noted that Chavarria-Ahumada's motion was defeated by his own allegations. In particular, Chavarria-Ahumada conceded in his pleadings that he would have pleaded guilty even if he had not been "induced" by his counsel to sign the plea agreement and did not assert that his sentence would have been further reduced if he had not signed the plea agreement.

On October 17, 2002, Chavarria-Ahumada filed a request for a COA with this court (the "October 17th Request"). The October 17th Request sought a COA on the same issues raised before the district court. Shortly thereafter, this court notified Chavarria-Ahumada that the October 17th Request did not conform with court rules because it was not submitted on the form mandated by this court. See 10th Cir. R. 22.1(A) (providing that a request for a COA must be made on the form provided by the court). When Chavarria-Ahumada eventually filed a conforming request for a COA, he specifically noted that he did not seek a COA on the issues raised before the district court but, instead, sought to raise an entirely new issue1: whether § 1326(b) is unconstitutional in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000).

To be entitled to a COA, Chavarria-Ahumada must make "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To make the requisite showing, he must demonstrate "that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Miller-El v. Cockrell, 123 S. Ct. 1029, 1039 (2003) (quotations omitted). In deciding whether Chavarria-Ahumada has carried his burden, this court undertakes "a preliminary, though not definitive, consideration of the [legal] framework" applicable to each of his claims. Id. at 1040. Although Chavarria-Ahumada need not demonstrate that his appeal will succeed to be entitled to a COA, he must "prove something more than the absence of frivolity or the existence of mere good faith." Id.

In light of the standards set out above, it is clear that Chavarria-Ahumada is not entitled to a COA. First, none of the issues presented in Chavarria-
Ahumada's application for a COA were raised in the district court. This court generally does not review issues that were not raised in the district court. Walker v. Mather (In re Walker), 959 F.2d 894, 896 (10th Cir. 1992). Second, Chavarria-
Ahumada's plea agreement contained a waiver of his right to collaterally challenge his conviction. See United States v. Cockerham, 237 F.3d 1179, 1183 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding that a waiver of collateral attack rights in a plea agreement will be enforced where both the waiver and the plea are knowingly and voluntarily made). As Chavarria-Ahumada has conceded in his request for a COA that his plea agreement is knowing and voluntary, this court will enforce his waiver of rights to collaterally attack his conviction. Finally, it is absolutely clear that Chavarria-Ahumada's claims relating to Apprendi are meritless. United States v. Mora, 293 F.3d 1213, 1219 (10th Cir.) ("Apprendi is not a watershed decision and hence is not retroactively applicable to initial habeas petitions."), cert. denied, 123 S. Ct. 388 (2002); United States v. Martinez-Villalva, 232 F.3d 1329, 1332 (10th Cir. 2000) (Supreme Court's holding in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998) that § 1326(b) sets out sentencing enhancement rather than element of aggravated crime is unaffected by Apprendi).

For those reasons set out above, Chavarria-Ahumada's request for a COA is DENIED. This appeal is hereby DISMISSED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge