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N. Larry Bork of Goodell, Stratton, Edmonds & Palmer, L.L.P., Topeka, Kansas, for Defendant-Appellant.

Garry L. Howard of Slape & Howard, Chartered, Wichita, Kansas, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Background

Ms. Poland filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy relief in 1993. Her bankruptcy plan stated that she disputed the validity and amount of her student-loan debt and that if a proof of claim was filed on the debt, the debtor would object. It also stated that if no timely proof of claim was filed, "the claim shall be deemed discharged in its entirety upon completion of the Plan." Aplt. App. at 5. The plan was confirmed. A claim on the student-loan debt was filed one day after the proof-of-claim filing deadline, and the untimely claim was disallowed by the bankruptcy court. Thereafter, the bankruptcy court entered an order of discharge and final decree in January 1999. There was no appeal from the discharge order.

Some time after the discharge order, Educational Credit Management Corporation (ECMC), assignee of the student loan debt, attempted to collect payment on the debt. Ms. Poland then reopened the bankruptcy and filed an adversary proceeding to determine whether the student loan debt had been discharged. The bankruptcy court cited our decision in Andersen as controlling and held that because the unchallenged plan and discharge order stated that the student-loan debt was discharged, the issue of discharge was res judicata. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's decision, also relying on Andersen. ECMC timely appealed.

Applicability of In Re Andersen

On appeal, ECMC argues that Andersen is distinguishable and should not control the outcome in this case because here, unlike in Andersen, there is no language in the plan or discharge order establishing a finding of undue hardship. In Andersen, the debtor included the following language in her Chapter 13 plan:

Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 532(a)(8), excepting the aforementioned education loans from discharge will impose an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor's dependents. Confirmation of debtor's plan shall constitute a finding to that effect and that said debt is dischargeable.

179 F.3d at 1254. The plan was confirmed without timely objection and the creditor did not appeal the confirmation order. The debtor completed all payments under the plan and was granted a discharge. Shortly thereafter, the creditor began requesting payment of the student loan debt and the debtor reopened her bankruptcy proceeding to determine the dischargeability of the debt.

The bankruptcy court in Andersen determined that the student loans were not dischargeable because there was no judicial determination of undue hardship. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (BAP) reversed. Upon review by this court, we acknowledged that "a debtor must normally prove undue hardship by bringing an adversary proceeding directed to that issue," but we stated that "[t]he real issue here is not whether [the debtor] properly met her burden of proving an undue hardship, which she clearly did not, but whether confirmation of the plan constitutes a binding adjudication of hardship." Id. at 1256. Relying on earlier Tenth Circuit precedent we stated: "'[u]pon becoming final, the order confirming a chapter 13 plan represents a binding determination of the rights and liabilities of the parties as ordained by the plan. Absent timely appeal, the confirmed plan is res judicata and its terms are not subject to collateral attack.'" Id. at 1258-59 (quoting United States v. Richman (In re Talbot), 124 F.3d 1201, 1209 (10th Cir. 1997)). Based on that principle, and given the specific plan language, we concluded that "the order of confirmation is res judicata as to the issue of hardship." Id. at 1259.

We went on to explain that, contrary to the creditor's argument, giving res judicata effect to the provision in the plan did not turn an expressly nondischargeable debt into a dischargeable debt. Distinguishing two cases involving discharge of a tax debt, DePaolo v. United States (In re DePaolo), 45 F.3d 373 (10th Cir. 1995), and Grynberg v. United States (In re Grynberg), 986 F.2d 367 (10th Cir. 1993), we explained that Andersen:

does not represent an attempt to transform a debt which remained nondischargeable throughout the plan period into a dischargeable debt at the conclusion of the period. Rather, unlike the tax cases, the finding of undue hardship in the confirmed plan changed the nature of the debt into a dischargeable debt.

Id. at 1260 (emphasis added). Because the plan included language that established a finding of undue hardship, the student loan debt had become a dischargeable debt. We concluded by emphasizing that the Andersen holding did not lessen the debtor's burden of proof on the issue of undue hardship, and we limited the holding to the particular facts of that case. See id.

Though there are many similarities between this case now before us and Andersen, there is one all-important difference: this confirmed plan made no mention of undue hardship, let alone established its existence. Instead, in this case, the plan stated only the fact, the amount and the disputed nature of the student loan debt and that if no proof of claim was filed by the creditor, the "claim shall be discharged in its entirety." Aplt. App. at 5. In affirming the bankruptcy court, the district court indicated that it did not matter what the plan language or discharge order said, but instead that ECMC failed to timely object:

In sum, then, if a creditor fails to make a timely objection 'it cannot later complain about a certain provision contained in a confirmed plan, even if such a provision is inconsistent with the Code.' Andersen, 179 F.3d at 1258. The same reasoning applies with equal force to the plan in the instant case, notwithstanding the absence of any finding of undue hardship. The plan and discharge order provided for the discharge of the student loans in question.

Id. at 69-70.

ECMC argues that the district court in this case is expanding Andersen "so that a plan would not even have to state a premise that, if true, would otherwise allow discharge." Aplt. Br. at 8. ECMC asserts that the "plan language on its face doesn't state a sufficient basis for discharge and therefore the student loan debt should not be discharged." Id. We agree. Andersen rests on the fact that confirmation of the plan, to which there was no objection, amounted to a binding adjudication of undue hardship thereby turning a nondischargeable debt into a dischargeable debt. Andersen, 179 F.3d at 1260.

The district court also held that the res judicata holding of Andersen also applied to the discharge order, which discharged all debts in the plan except for student loans "in any case in which discharge is granted prior to October 1, 1996." Aplt. App. at 11. Because Poland's discharge was granted after October 1, 1996, the district court held that her student loan was discharged under the language of the order. On appeal, ECMC argues that this language was mistakenly retained in the discharge order even though it was irrelevant and archaic because the sunset provision to which it related was revoked in 1992. Relying on Andersen again, the district court found that because ECMC failed to object to the order, it was now final and ECMC was bound by its provisions.

The discharge order cannot, however, be the basis for discharging the student loan debt for the same reasons that the plan language in this case does not establish discharge. Because neither the plan nor the discharge order in this case contain any type of finding of undue hardship, we hold that Andersen does not apply and that the student loan debt is not discharged.⁽²⁾ We continue to emphasize, as we did in Andersen, that the proper way to discharge a student loan debt is through an adversary proceeding where the debtor establishes undue hardship. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED.

^1. After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

^2. The panel is of the view that Andersen was wrongly decided and should be reconsidered. The unfortunate result of Andersen is that astute attorneys now insert student loan discharge language (after today, complete with a finding of undue hardship) into Chapter 13 plans hoping to achieve preclusive effect, notwithstanding: (1) Bankruptcy Code § 528(a)(8) explicitly precludes the discharge of a debtor's student loan absent a showing of undue hardship, (2) Bankruptcy Rules specifically require a successful adversary proceeding, complete with individualized service of process, to establish undue hardship and discharge a student loan, and (3) lack of required notice under the Bankruptcy Rules proscribes preclusive effect. See In re Banks, 299 F.3d 296, 300-303 (4th Cir. 2002) (Baldock, J., sitting by designation).

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