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Harris is currently serving a 120-month sentence following his plea of guilty for being a felon in possession of a firearm. He collaterally attacked his sentence in the court below by raising a challenge under Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004).^(*) Finding that Blakely was not retroactively applicable to initial habeas petitions, the court denied Harris' § 2255 petition and also denied Harris's subsequent application for a COA. Harris now seeks a COA from this court arguing that his sentence is invalid under Blakely/Booker.⁽²⁾

This circuit has held that Booker does not apply retroactively on collateral review. United States v. Bellamy, 411 F.3d 1182, 1188 (10th Cir. 2005). Additionally, Booker does not require the submission of a prior conviction to the jury. We have held that "the 'fact' of prior convictions . . . need not be charged in an indictment and proven to a jury," because "[i]n previous criminal proceedings, a defendant received sufficient procedural protections to alleviate any Sixth Amendment concerns about using convictions stemming from those proceedings for sentencing." U.S. v. Moore, 401 F.3d 1220, 1223 (10th Cir. 2005).

Because we determine, for substantially the same reasons as the district court, that Harris may not raise a Booker challenge on collateral attack, and that Harris fails to state a Booker challenge in any event, his application for a COA is DENIED and the appeal is DISMISSED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Carlos F. Lucero

Circuit Judge

^*.Harris' application for a COA, filed May 25, 2005, does not cite to United States v. Booker, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005). "We must apply the holdings in Blakely and Booker to all cases in which a defendant properly raised an issue under either case." U.S. v. Clifton, 406 F.3d 1173, 1175 n.1 (10th Cir. 2005).

^2.Harris' petition was filed after April 24, 1996, the effective date of the Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA"); as a result, AEDPA's provisions apply to this case. See Rogers v. Gibson, 173 F.3d 1278, 1282 n.1 (10th Cir. 1999). AEDPA conditions a petitioner's right to appeal a denial of habeas relief under § 2255 upon a grant of a COA. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). A COA may be issued "only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." § 2253(c)(2). This requires Harris to demonstrate "that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (quotations omitted). Because the district court denied Harris a COA, he may not appeal the district court's decision absent a grant of a COA by this court.

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