PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

JOHN F. LADEAUX,

Defendant - Appellant.	No. 05-8097

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Wyoming

(D.C. No. 04-CR-0062-WFD)

Submitted on the briefs:*

David M. Gosar, Jackson, Wyoming, for Defendant - Appellant.

Matthew H. Mead, United States Attorney, L. Robert Murray, Assistant United States Attorney, Cheyenne, Wyoming, for Plaintiff - Appellee.

Before HARTZ, EBEL and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.

EBEL, Circuit Judge.

In this case, Defendant-Appellant John Ladeaux contends that two requests made of him during a traffic stop—to (1) exit the vehicle and (2) roll up the windows and open the vents—violated his Fourth Amendment rights such that the contraband discovered during the stop must be suppressed. Because the district court did not properly consider the effect of the second request1 under the burden-
shifting scheme set out in United States v. Nava-Ramirez, 210 F.3d 1128 (10th Cir. 2000), we remand this case for the district court to address that issue in the first instance.

BACKGROUND

On February 14, 2002, Ladeaux and two companions, Shawn Richards and Jess Byerley, were traveling on Interstate 80 near Cheyenne, Wyoming in a vehicle driven by Byerley. Wyoming Highway Patrolman Benjamin Peech was positioned along the highway conducting stationary radar enforcement. Peech noticed that Byerley was not wearing a seatbelt. He also observed Byerely's vehicle quickly approach another vehicle that was traveling below the speed limit, close within twenty or twenty-five feet, follow it closely for some distance, and then move into the left lane (without using a turn signal) to pass. These events prompted Peech to pull Byerley's vehicle over. As he approached the vehicle, he noticed that Ladeaux—the back-seat passenger—was attempting to fasten his seatbelt. Peech informed Byerley that he had stopped him for following too close and failing to signal; Peech also cited Byerely and Ladeaux for not wearing a seatbelt. At Peech's request, Byerley accompanied him back to the patrol car so that Peech could issue the citations.

During their conversation in the patrol car, Peech noticed that Byerley seemed "very, very nervous." Peech requested a second trooper, David Chatfield, to respond with a drug sniffing dog. Peech acknowledged that he did not have any reasonable suspicion that narcotics were in the vehicle, but rather that he merely had a "hunch" which prompted him to call in Chatfield.

Chatfield responded quickly, while Peech was still writing the citations. Chatfield ordered Richards and Ladeaux to step out of the vehicle; he also requested that the windows be rolled up and the vents turned on.2 The dog alerted to the trunk of the vehicle; a search of the trunk and the luggage therein revealed fifteen pounds of marijuana and 1.2 pounds of cocaine. Ladeaux later admitted to his role in the possession of the controlled substances and was indicted on federal drug charges.

Ladeaux filed a motion to suppress all evidence obtained during the traffic stop, which was denied. Ladeaux then entered a conditional guilty plea, preserving his right to appeal the denial.
DISCUSSION

In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we "view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, accept the district court's findings of fact unless clearly erroneous, and review de novo the ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment." United States v. Apperson, 441 F.3d 1162, 1184 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted).

On appeal, Ladeaux does not challenge the validity of the initial stop or the length of the detention. Rather, he argues only that Chatfield exceeded the permissible scope of the stop when he ordered Ladeaux out of the vehicle and requested the windows be rolled up and the vents turned on. We address these issues in turn.

I.

Ladeaux argues that the order to exit the vehicle was unconstitutional because there existed no reasonable suspicion or probable cause to believe that the vehicle contained drugs when the order was given. However, in Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408 (1997), the Supreme Court established a bright-line rule that, during a lawful traffic stop, officers may order passengers out of the car as a matter of officer safety. Id. at 415. See also United States v. Holt, 264 F.3d 1215, 1222 (10th Cir. 2001) (en banc) ("An officer . . . may order the driver and passengers out of the vehicle in the interest of officer safety, even in the absence of any particularized suspicion of personal danger."). As Ladeaux does not challenge the stop itself, his argument that being ordered out of the car was unlawful must fail. The district court therefore properly rejected this argument in ruling on Ladeaux's motion to suppress.
II.
Ladeaux also argues that the request to close the windows and open the vents impermissibly expanded the scope of the detention, as Chatfield had no reasonable suspicion or probable cause sufficient to justify the request. The district court considered this and the order to exit the vehicle as one, ruling that "the order from Trooper Chatfield to roll up the windows and get out of the vehicle" was permissible under Wilson. However, Wilson deals only with ordering occupants out of the vehicle; it does not specifically address other, ancillary requests. See 519 U.S. at 415. We therefore remand for the district court to consider in the first instance whether the evidence obtained during the stop ought to be suppressed based on the request to close the windows and open the vents. See, e.g., United States v. Foote, 413 F.3d 1240, 1251-52 (10th Cir. 2005) (remanding for the district court to consider, in the first instance, issues that the district court had not adequately addressed).3

On remand, the district court should follow the burden-shifting scheme set forth in United States v. Nava-Ramirez, 210 F.3d 1128 (10th Cir. 2000). Nava-
Ramirez involved a defendant who was a non-owner passenger in a vehicle that was stopped and searched. Id. at 1130. The question presented in Nava-Ramirez was what showing such a passenger had to make in order to seek suppression of evidence obtained during the search which, according to the defendant, occurred while the defendant was being unconstitutionally detained. Id. at 1130-31. We recognized that "although a defendant may lack the requisite possessory or ownership interest in a vehicle to directly challenge a search of that vehicle, the defendant may nonetheless contest the lawfulness of his own detention and seek to suppress evidence found in the vehicle as the fruit of the illegal detention." Id. at 1131. However,

[t]o successfully suppress evidence as the fruit of an unlawful detention, a defendant must first establish that the detention did violate his Fourth Amendment rights. The defendant then bears the burden of demonstrating a factual nexus between the illegality and the challenged evidence. Only if the defendant has made these two showings must the government prove that the evidence sought to be suppressed is not "fruit of the poisonous tree," either by demonstrating the evidence would have been inevitably discovered, was discovered through independent means, or was so attenuated from the illegality as to dissipate the taint of the unlawful conduct.

Id. (citations, quotations omitted). In order for a defendant to meet his burden of showing a "factual nexus," he must, "[a]t a minimum . . . adduce evidence at the suppression hearing showing the evidence sought to be suppressed would not have come to light but for the government's unconstitutional conduct [directed toward that complaining defendant]." Id. (emphasis added). In other words, "[i]n order to meet his initial burden under Nava-Ramirez and demonstrate the required factual nexus, [a defendant] must show that the [contraband] would never have been found but for his, and only his, unlawful detention." United States v. DeLuca, 269 F.3d 1128, 1133 (10th Cir. 2001).4

Thus, on remand, the district court must initially determine whether there was a violation of Ladeux's Fourth Amendment rights. On the record before us, we note at least two critical issues in need of elucidation. First, it is unclear whether Chatfield directed his request at Ladeaux or only at the front seat passenger, Richards.5 If the request was made only of Richards, Ladeaux cannot complain of any unconstitutionality regarding that request, as a person has standing only to challenge the violation of his own Fourth Amendment rights. See Nava-Ramirez, 210 F.3d at 1131; see also DeLuca, 269 F.3d at 1131 ("Fourth Amendment rights are personal.").

Second, the character of Chatfield's request is unclear. A Fourth Amendment "seizure" occurs only when "'the police conduct would have communicated to a reasonable person that the person was not free to decline the officers' requests.'" Petersen v. Farnsworth, 371 F.3d 1219, 1222 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 439 (1991)). Thus the district court must consider whether the request required compliance or merely solicited cooperation. If Chatfield requested the windows be closed and the vents opened in such a way that an objective person would have felt "free to decline the officers' request"—even in the absence of reasonable suspicion that the vehicle contained narcotics—we doubt that the Fourth Amendment would be implicated at all.6 Cf. Muehler v. Mena, 544 U.S. 93, 100-01 (2005) (holding that questioning a lawfully detained person on issues unrelated to the detention without independent reasonable suspicion to support the questions did not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment because the questioning was not a "discrete Fourth Amendment event"). But cf. United States v. Sanchez, 89 F.3d 715, 718 (10th Cir. 1996) (noting that a request to accompany an officer to the station could suggest to a reasonable person that he is not free to disregard the officer).7

If the district court determines that Ladeaux's Fourth Amendment rights were in fact violated, the court must then consider whether Ladeaux has met his burden of showing a factual nexus between his unconstitutional seizure and the discovery of the evidence; that is, whether he has adduced evidence to show that, but for his illegal detention, the contraband would not have come to light. Assuming Ladeaux sustains both of these burdens, the Government must then be afforded the opportunity to prove that the contraband discovered was not "fruit of the poisonous tree."
CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part the district court's denial of Ladeaux's motion to suppress and REMAND this case to the district court for consideration of whether the evidence obtained during the stop ought to be suppressed based on the request to close the windows and open the vents.