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I

At approximately 3:00 a.m. on January 31, 2003, Vontrice DeRuso contacted the Aurora City Police Department and requested police assistance at her apartment in dealing with Adams, whom DeRuso stated was "drunk" and banging on her door. Aurora police officers Lance Dyer and Christopher Stine were dispatched to the DeRuso residence. When they arrived, DeRuso let them into her apartment. They found Adams in a rear bedroom and attempted to arrest him. Adams resisted and a struggle ensued. The officers radioed for back-up, and Officer Michael Gaskill rushed to the scene. There is some question about when Gaskill arrived, and what his involvement was in the altercation. Ultimately, the three officers were able to subdue Adams long enough to handcuff him. Dyer and Stine placed Adams in Gaskill's custody, and Gaskill led Adams down the hallway and into his police car.

In March 2004, Adams was convicted in Colorado district court of (1) resisting arrest in violation of Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-8-103, (2) attempting to disarm a peace officer in violation of Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-8-116, and (3) second degree assault upon Dyer and Stine in violation of Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-203(1)(f). For these offenses, he was sentenced to a total of 13 years' imprisonment. Adams appealed, but his convictions have not been reversed, set aside, or otherwise invalidated.

Shortly thereafter, Adams filed a verified complaint seeking damages under 42 U.S.C. 1983 against Dyer, Stine, Gaskill, and the City of Aurora.⁽¹⁾ Claim One alleged that Dyer, Stine, and Gaskill used excessive force against him in the bedroom as they attempted to arrest him. In Claim Two, Adams alleged that Gaskill and other officers used excessive force against him at various times after he was arrested, including while he was (1) walking through the hallway of the apartment building, (2) waiting in the parking lot outside of the apartment building, (3) being put into and taken out of the police car, and (4) in custody at the Aurora police station.

All individual defendants moved for summary judgment on Claim One based on the Supreme Court's decision in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), arguing that Adams' claim of excessive force during the arrest must be dismissed because he was convicted of assaulting a police officer, resisting arrest, and attempting to disarm a police officer. Gaskill also moved for summary judgment on Claim Two, asserting a defense of qualified immunity.⁽²⁾ The district court referred the matter to a magistrate judge. The magistrate judge found that the facts presented by the defendants were undisputed, because Adams failed to submit evidence in support of his claims. A recommended disposition followed, denying the officers' motion for summary judgment on Claim One under Heck because they failed to establish the prior convictions were based on the events discussed in Adams' complaint. However, the magistrate judge recommended granting summary judgment to Gaskill on qualified immunity grounds with respect to all of Claim One and part of Claim Two that related to Gaskill's conduct putting Adams into the police car.

Adams did not object to the magistrate judge's findings or recommendations. The officers filed an objection to the magistrate judge's recommendations, attaching new affidavits prepared by the officers attesting that Adams' convictions arose from his altercation with them in the bedroom. These affidavits expressly noted that his convictions did not relate to the conduct described by Adams in Claim Two of the complaint, and thus did not seek summary judgment under Heck as to Claim Two. Based on these affidavits, the district court found Heck precluded both Claims One and Two, and granted summary judgment in favor of the officers. Because no claims remained against any City employee, the district court also granted summary judgment in favor of the City.

II

We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standard employed by the district court. Mountain W. Mines, Inc. v. Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., 470 F.3d 947, 950 (10th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is appropriate when the record demonstrates that "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment. Jiron v. City of Lakewood, 392 F.3d 410, 414 (10th Cir. 2004).

Adams argues that the district court improperly applied Heck in granting summary judgment in favor of Dyer, Stine, and Gaskill.⁽³⁾ In Heck, the Supreme Court held:

[I]n order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of habeas corpus.

512 U.S. at 486-87 (footnote omitted). The Court continued:

[W]hen a state prisoner seeks damages in a § 1983 suit, the district court must consider whether a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence; if it would, the complaint must be dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated.

Id. at 487.

Adams was charged with resisting arrest in violation of Colo. Rev. Stat.

§ 18-8-103 and second degree assault upon Dyer and Stine in violation of Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-203(1)(f). Under Colorado law, a police officer's use of "excessive force" is an affirmative defense to those crimes. See § 18-8-103(2). Adams presented this defense to the jury, and the jury received instructions to this effect. Nonetheless, Adams was convicted of both offenses.

In addition, Colorado's second degree assault statute contains a "provocation" factor that defendants may raise during trial for mitigation purposes if the defendant is found guilty. 18-3-203(2)(a). Once provocation becomes an issue, the prosecution must prove a lack of provocation beyond a reasonable doubt. Because Adams raised the issue of provocation, the jury was instructed that if it found Adams guilty of second degree assault, it must then determine whether the prosecution proved Adams was not provoked. Once again, the jury rejected Adams' claims of provocation, expressly finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the officers did not instigate the altercation. A Claim One of Adams' complaint alleges that upon entering the apartment bedroom Dyer and Stine tackled him and began assaulting him "without announcing to plaintiff who they are ­ and with no command to surrender, or to position himself in any particular way." This squarely calls into question the legitimacy of Adams' Colorado convictions for resisting arrest and second degree assault as to Dyer and Stine. To find in favor of Adams, the district court would have been required to nullify the jury's rejection of Adams' "excessive force" defense and its finding that he was not provoked during his encounter with them in the bedroom. Because no evidence has been presented that these convictions were invalidated due to subsequent events, the district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Dyer and Stine as to Claim One under Heck.

With respect to Gaskill, however, we are faced with a much more difficult question. Adams was convicted of assaulting only Dyer and Stine, not Gaskill. The jury verdict form is silent as to which officers were involved with respect to the resisting arrest and disarming a police officer charges. Nor does the evidence clearly establish that Adams' convictions for resisting arrest and disarming a police officer involved his struggle with Gaskill, as opposed to his altercation with Dyer and Stine before Gaskill arrived.

Because Gaskill does not allege that he was disarmed, only the resisting arrest conviction is relevant to our analysis. On this point, affidavits and briefs submitted by the officers are not dispositive.⁽⁴⁾ Gaskill's affidavit attests that he testified in the criminal trial, and that the "charges of second degree assault to a police officer and disarming a police officer which Mr. Adams faced in that trial stemmed from what occurred in the bedroom. . . ." Dyer's affidavit attests "I . . . am aware that the charges of second degree assault to a police officer and disarming a police officer which . . . Adams faced . . . stem[] from what occurred in the bedroom . . . during my and Officer Stine's attempt to place Mr. Adams into custody." Stine's affidavit attests that the charges, including the resisting arrest charge, stem from "the actions which occurred between Mr. Adams, Officer Dyer, Officer Gaskill and myself . . . ." Moreover, in the Objection to the Magistrate Judge's Recommendation submitted by the officers, they state that "Plaintiff's convictions for Assault to Peace Officer, Resisting Arrest, and Attempt to Disarm a Peace Officer were based on Plaintiff's assaults against Officers Dyer and Stine which occurred in the apartment bedroom on January 30, 2003."

Gaskill has not established that holding him liable on Claim One would "necessarily imply" that Adams' state convictions were invalid, and thus the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Gaskill based on Heck was in error. See Reed v. Bennett, 312 F.3d 1190, 1194-95 (10th Cir. 2002) (noting it is the moving party's burden to demonstrate the absence of disputed issues and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law).

We are cognizant that we are free to affirm the district court decision on any grounds for which there is a record sufficient to permit conclusions of law, provided the litigants have had a fair opportunity to develop the record. See Ross v. U.S. Marshal for the E. Dist. of Okla., 168 F.3d 1190, 1194 n.2 (10th Cir. 1999). Defendants argue that we can affirm the district court's dismissal of Claim One against Gaskill because there is no genuine dispute of material fact about whether Gaskill used excessive force while in the bedroom. Based on the procedural posture of this case, we agree.

In his affidavit submitted to the magistrate judge, Gaskill attested that upon entering the bedroom he witnessed Adams resisting arrest, attempted to get Adams to desist vocally, and proceeded to use reasonable force necessary to place Adams in handcuffs. The magistrate judge accepted these allegations as true, finding that Adams failed to establish a genuine dispute of material fact by submitting evidence in support of his complaint. Based on these "undisputed" facts, the magistrate judge recommended that Gaskill was entitled to qualified immunity because the force used was objectively reasonable under the circumstances.

Adams did not object to the magistrate judge's factual findings or recommendation on this point. Our circuit has adopted a "firm waiver rule," establishing that when a party fails to object to the findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge it waives appellate review of both factual and legal questions. Moore v. United States, 950 F.2d 656, 659 (10th Cir. 1991). We will not apply the waiver rule when "the interests of justice so dictate." Id. In Moore, we held that justice dictates exempting a pro se litigant from the firm waiver doctrine "when the magistrate's order does not apprise the pro se litigant of the consequences of a failure to object to findings and recommendations." Id. If the magistrate judge's order sufficiently notifies the pro se litigant of the ramifications of failing to object, however, we have applied our "firm waiver rule." See Fottler v. United States, 73 F.3d 1064, 1065 (10th Cir. 1996).

In the present case, we conclude that the interests of justice do not require exempting Adams from the firm waiver rule's strict bar. In its order, the magistrate judge warned the parties in the recommendation that failure to file specific, written objections waives de novo review of the magistrate judge's recommendation by the district court. Adams himself demonstrated his understanding of the objection process by filing specific objections to the magistrate judge's order denying Adams' motion for the appointment of counsel. Yet, Adams filed no objections regarding the magistrate judge's unfavorable recitation of the "undisputed facts" or its conclusion that those facts entitled Gaskill to qualified immunity with respect to Claim One. As such, Adams is precluded from challenging on appeal the magistrate judge's findings of fact. Because the magistrate judge's factual findings establish that Gaskill did not use excessive force against Adams while in the bedroom as a matter of law, Gaskill is entitled to summary judgment on that claim.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Dyer, Stine, and Gaskill as to Claim One.⁽⁵⁾

The district court also granted summary judgment in favor of all defendants on Claim Two under Heck. This was clearly in error. All of the allegations in Claim Two refer to activity that occurred after Adams was arrested: while he was in the hallway being led to the police car, while he was in the parking lot, and while he was being placed into and taken out of the police car. Adams' criminal convictions only relate to his contact with the officers in the bedroom, as Dyer and Stine make clear in their affidavits.⁽⁶⁾

As noted above, we may nonetheless affirm on any legal basis for which there is record support. Claim Two of the complaint sounds only as against Gaskill. Dyer and Stine allege that they had no contact with Adams after their encounter in the bedroom, and that Adams was placed in Gaskill's custody at that time. At no point in the pleadings submitted to this court does Adams aver that Dyer or Stine were personally involved in transporting him from the bedroom to the police car. Nor does Adams present any evidence on this point. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Dyer and Stine as to Claim Two. See McKee v. Heggy, 703 F.2d 479, 483 (10th Cir. 1983) (holding that an individual cannot be held liable in a § 1983 action unless he directly participated in the alleged constitutional violation).

With respect to Gaskill, he is identified in the complaint and throughout the litigation as the officer who used excessive force in transporting Adams from the bedroom to the police car and in removing Adams from the police car. Once again, Adams is unable to challenge the magistrate judge's findings of fact on this issue. The magistrate judge found it was undisputed that Gaskill placed Adams "into the patrol car without incident, in a manner consistent with the normal operating procedures of the Aurora Police Department." As such, Adams' claim against Gaskill based on what occurred as he was placed in the police car fails.

No findings were made by the magistrate judge, however, as to Gaskill's actions in the hallway, in the parking lot, or when removing Adams from the police car. Thus, the firm waiver rule does not bar consideration of whether a material dispute of fact exists. Based on our review of the record, the district court did not address this question in granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants under Heck. Accordingly, we remand to the district court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law on this issue. See Nat'l Commodity & Barter Ass'n v. Archer, 31 F.3d 1521, 1534 (10th Cir. 1994).⁽⁷⁾

III

The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the City on all claims on the grounds that no claims remained pending against any of the individual defendants. See Hinton v. City of Elwood, 997 F.2d 774, 782 (10th Cir. 1993) ("A municipality may not be held liable where there was no underlying constitutional violation by any of its officers."). As we have reinstated part of Claim Two against Gaskill, we REVERSE.

IV

We AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Entered for the Court

Carlos F. Lucero

Circuit Judge

^*. After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

^1. Adams also named various other members of the Aurora Police Department as individual defendants, including Gerald Jonsgaard, William Heller, Justin Thull, Julie Stahnke, Richard Day, David Ord, Captain Roger Cloyd, and Lieutenant Edgar Stevens. The district court granted Ord's motion to dismiss, and subsequently granted summary judgment in favor of Jonsgaard, Heller, Thull, Stahnke, Day, Cloyd, and Stevens. Adams does not appeal the district court's orders regarding these defendants.

^2. Both Dyer and Stine originally believed Claim Two applied only to Gaskill, and thus did not initially respond to this claim. Both the magistrate judge and district court found that Claim Two was brought against all three defendants.

^3. Adams avers that in granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants under Heck, the district court improperly relied on affidavits submitted by Dyer, Stine, and Gaskill that were not submitted to the magistrate judge. We review a district court's decision to admit evidence for abuse of discretion. Mason v. Okla. Tpk. Auth., 182 F.3d 1212, 1215 (10th Cir. 1999). Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), a district judge may elect to receive further evidence in connection with its de novo review of the magistrate judge's recommendations. The magistrate judge concluded that summary judgment was improper under Heck because the officers failed to submit affidavits showing that Adams' state convictions stemmed from the arrest on January 30, 2003. In response, the officers submitted affidavits purporting to establishing that fact. The district court noted its reluctance to rely on late-filed evidence, but found the affidavits directly addressed the officers' objections to the magistrate judge's finding that Heck did not apply. We hold the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this evidence.

^4. Defendants refer in their brief to the officers' conduct generally, and make no efforts to tie the resisting arrest conviction directly to Gaskill. If such evidence is present in the trial transcript, it was the defendants' obligation to produce it. It is not the job of this court to search the record (or public documents) for evidence to support defendants' position. Judges are not like prospectors, searching tirelessly for a glitter of relevant evidence in the towering mountain of documents that might have some relevance to the case.

^5. We instruct the district court to modify its order to indicate that the dismissal of Claim One as to Dyer and Stine is without prejudice. See Fottler, 73 F.3d at 1065 ("When a  1983 claim is dismissed under Heck, the dismissal should be without prejudice.").

^6. Both officers concede in their affidavits that none of Adams' criminal convictions were based on incidents occurring "in the hallway or parking lot at that address."

^7. We remind the district court to take care to insure that Adams, as a pro se litigant, is "provided with proper notice regarding the complex procedural issues involved in summary judgment proceedings." See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1111 (10th Cir. 1991) (internal quotations omitted); see also Roseboro v. Garrison, 528 F.2d 309, 310 (4th Cir. 1975) (per curiam) (noting that a pro se litigant should be "advised of his right to file counter-affidavits or other responsive material and alerted to the fact that his failure to so respond might result in the entry of summary judgment against him").

Moreover, contrary to the defendants' suggestion, Adams has submitted "affidavits or other materials provided under oath" to establish his claim. Adams initiated this lawsuit with a verified complaint, which under our precedent is treated as an affidavit for summary judgment purposes as long as it satisfies the standards for affidavits outlined in Rule 56(e). See Conaway v. Smith, 853 F.2d 789, 792 (10th Cir. 1988) ("Although a nonmoving party may not rely merely on the unsupported or conclusory allegations contained in his pleadings, a verified complaint may be treated as an affidavit for purposes of summary judgment if it satisfies the standards for affidavits set out in Rule 56(e)."). Adams also filed an affidavit in support of his motion for the appointment of counsel ­ which was denied ­ attesting to his allegations that "plaintiff was subjected to excessive force from several Aurora police officers, who willfully and knowingly beat him with their baton's [sic] after assaulting him from behind and applying unjustified physical force against his person."

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