UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

TIMOTHY L. TURNER,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 06-3168

(No. 05-CR-20059-01-JPO)

(D. Kan.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HENRY, TYMKOVICH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.**

Defendant Timothy Turner pled guilty to a misdemeanor violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a). Although the applicable guidelines sentence was 12 months, Mr. Turner was sentenced to nine months of imprisonment and one year of supervised release. Mr. Turner objects to the length of his sentence and, on that basis, brings this appeal.

We have jurisdiction to review Mr. Turner's sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.1

I.	Background

On May 19, 2005, Mr. Turner was arrested on a misdemeanor violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a). He was charged, in a single-count complaint, with forcibly assaulting, resisting, opposing, impeding, intimidating, and interfering with Deputy United States Marshal Michael Shute ("Marshal Shute") during the performance of his official duties. (See Complaint, Doc. No. 1.) An information charging this count was later filed on May 24, 2005. (See Information, Doc. No. 10.)

The arrest stemmed from a May 19, 2005 confrontation in the federal courthouse in Kansas City, Kansas.2 (See Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR") ¶ 11.) Marshal Shute observed Mr. Turner and a female companion in the gallery of a courtroom "laughing and making faces" at a government witness. (Id.) Marshal Shute instructed them to stop. (Id.) In response, Mr. Turner cursed at Marshal Shute, and then left the courtroom. (Id.) Marshal Shute followed Mr. Turner outside the courtroom and demanded that he leave the building. (Id.) Prior to leaving the courthouse, however, Mr. Turner called Marshal Shute a "cracker mother f***er," told Marshal Shute that he would be "seeing" him again, and "bumped" Marshal Shute with his chest. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12.) Mr. Turner then physically resisted arrest. (Id. ¶ 12.)

On May 24, 2005, Mr. Turner was released from detention under the supervision of the U.S. Pretrial Services. (Id. ¶ 2.) Between the time of his arrest and the entry of his guilty plea, Mr. Turner violated the conditions of his pretrial release on several occasions, including testing positive for drugs on three separate dates. (Id. ¶¶ 3, 6.) Mr. Turner was subsequently rearrested, and his bond revoked, as a result of these pretrial violations. (Id. ¶ 3.)

Mr. Turner waived his right to a trial, judgment, and sentencing by a district court judge and consented to proceed before a United States Magistrate Judge. (See Consent, Doc. No. 27.) On February 9, 2006, Mr. Turner pled guilty to the misdemeanor count.3 (PSR ¶ 7.) He was again released under the supervision of U.S. Pretrial Services, with the added conditions that he participate in mental health counseling and in-home detention with electronic monitoring. (Id. ¶ 9.) On February 27, 2006, a Petition For Action On Conditions of Pretrial Release was filed, averring that Mr. Turner intentionally severed his electronic monitoring bracelet. (Id. ¶ 10.) On February 28, 2006, he again was found in violation of his pretrial-release conditions and ordered detained. (Id.)

Mr. Turner was sentenced on April 24, 2006. The PSR calculated his sentencing range to be 24 to 30 months. (Id. ¶ 75.) However, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a), this range was reduced to a flat guidelines sentence of 12 months, the statutory maximum for a misdemeanor violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a). (Id.) The sentencing court handed down a sentence of nine months' incarceration and 12 months' supervised release. (See April 24, 2006 Sentencing Transcript ("Tr.") at 35-36.) According to the court, this sentence was "sufficient but not greater than necessary to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense." (Id. at 32.)

The sentencing court ordered Mr. Turner to be immediately imprisoned, executing the criminal judgment. (Id. at 33, 37.) He appealed his sentence on May 4, 2006. (See Notice of Appeal, Doc. No. 55.) Mr. Turner requested three extensions of the deadline for filing his opening appellate brief. Each motion rested in part upon Mr. Turner's need for time to determine whether to dismiss voluntarily his appeal.4 We granted each motion.

On October 18, 2006, Mr. Turner's attorney, Cheryl Pilate, who was appointed under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A, filed a motion to withdraw. Ms. Pilate cited as the basis for this motion a "complete divergence of opinion as to the proper handling of this appeal" and Mr. Turner's "dissatisfaction with her services." (See Motion to Withdraw at 1, ¶¶ 1-3.) Ms. Pilate further noted that Mr. Turner desired new counsel and did not "wish for her to file a brief on his behalf in this appeal." (Id. ¶ 1.) Mr. Turner was served with a copy of this motion. (Id. at 3.)

On October 26, 2006, Ms. Pilate filed Mr. Turner's opening brief. The government then filed its answer brief on November 27, 2006, two weeks after Mr. Turner's release from prison. Mr Turner did not exercise the option of filing a reply brief; the window for doing so closed on December 11, 2006. At that point, the case was ripe for decision. The lone issue in Mr. Turner's brief challenges the reasonableness of the length of his prison sentence.

II.	Discussion

Before addressing the merits of Mr. Turner's appeal, we first address Ms. Pilate's motion to withdraw.

A.	Motion to Withdraw

Ms. Pilate seeks to withdraw from her court-appointed representation of Mr. Turner. The basis for this motion is Mr. Turner's "dissatisfaction" with her services and a divergence of opinion as to how to handle the appeal. (See Motion to Withdraw at 1, ¶¶ 1-3.) Ms. Pilate also has conveyed Mr. Turner's desire for new counsel. (Id. ¶ 1.)

We treat with great seriousness Ms. Pilate's statements in her motion to withdraw that Mr. Turner wants new representation and did not wish for her to file a brief on his behalf. Nonetheless, we deny her motion to withdraw.

An indigent defendant does not possess a Sixth Amendment right to his choice of appointed counsel.5 See United States v. Nichols, 841 F.2d 1485, 1504 (10th Cir. 1988) ("[A]n indigent defendant does not have a right to choose appointed counsel. In fact, a court may refuse to appoint the counsel of the defendant's choice even if that attorney is willing to represent the defendant." (citations omitted)).

While Ms. Pilate's motion may technically comply with 10th Cir. R. 46.4(A), it lacks specific factual averments, such as a total breakdown in communication or a conflict of interest, that meet the "good cause" standard for withdrawal and for substitution of new counsel pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(c). See United States v. Lott, 310 F.3d 1231, 1249 (10th Cir. 2002) (identifying circumstances that may provide "good cause" for substitution of counsel, and noting that "a mere strategic disagreement between a defendant and his attorney" does not meet the standard); United States v. Johnson, 961 F.2d 1488, 1490 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding that good cause not demonstrated where criminal defendant alleged that he "lost confidence in his attorney" and "merely showed a preference for new counsel"). See generally 10th Cir. R. 46.3(A) (appointed counsel in criminal appeal must represent defendant until relieved by this Court). Of additional significance is the untimeliness of the motion, which was filed less than one week prior to the extended deadline for Mr. Turner's appellate brief. See Johnson, 961 F.2d at 1490 (timeliness of motion should be considered).

Mr. Turner has not filed a motion, or even an informal request, seeking new counsel or attempting to proceed pro se. In fact, Mr. Turner has not even responded to Ms. Pilate's motion to withdraw. Furthermore, the motion to withdraw indicates only that Mr. Turner seeks new counsel, not that he wishes to pursue grounds for appeal that his lawyer has yet to raise – or has refused to raise – on his behalf. Suggestive of the notion that Mr. Turner does not in fact wish to raise alternative or additional grounds, he has not filed a pro se brief, nor is there any indication in the record that he has contacted this Court with questions as to the legitimacy of the appellate brief filed on his behalf. Nevertheless, we have conducted an independent review of the record, similar to that required under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967),6 to determine whether there are potential appellate issues other than the one raised in Mr. Turner's brief, that could be deemed non-frivolous. We have discerned no such issues.

For the preceding reasons, we DENY Ms. Pilate's motion to withdraw, and proceed to address the arguments raised in Mr. Turner's appellate brief.

B.	Merits

Mr. Turner claims that the length of his sentence of imprisonment is "unreasonable." (See Appl't Br. at 10-11.) Following United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), we review sentencing determinations for "reasonableness." See United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1053 (10th Cir. 2006). This involves a two-step inquiry involving an assessment, respectively, of the procedural and substantive reasonableness of the sentence. See United States v. Cage, 451 F.3d 585, 591 (10th Cir. 2006) ("Reasonableness has both procedural and substantive components." (citing Kristl, 437 F.3d at 1054-55)).

First, we determine whether the district court properly calculated the applicable guidelines range. See Kristl, 437 F.3d at 1055. If so, "the sentence imposed by the district court must be considered reasonable from a procedural perspective and, in turn, is considered presumptively reasonable from a substantive perspective." United States v. McCullough, 457 F.3d 1150, 1171 (10th Cir. 2006) (citing Kristl, 437 F.3d at 1054-55).

Second, as to substantive reasonableness, we ask whether the defendant has demonstrated that the sentence is unreasonable in light of the other sentencing factors identified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). See Cage, 451 F.3d at 591 ("Even if a sentence is calculated properly, i.e. the Guidelines were properly applied and the district court clearly considered the § 3553(a) factors and explained its reasoning, a sentence can yet be unreasonable."). In carrying his burden, a defendant cannot avail himself of a converse presumption of unreasonableness for sentences varying from the otherwise applicable guidelines range - viz., a sentence will not be considered presumptively unreasonable just because it falls outside of the sentencing guidelines range. See United States v. Valtierra-Rojas, 468 F.3d 1235, 1239 (10th Cir. 2006) ("We join these [four] circuits in holding that a sentence outside of the properly calculated Guidelines range is not presumptively unreasonable.") Of course, in conducting this two-prong inquiry, we review legal questions de novo, evaluate factual findings for clear error, and give the appropriate deference to the district court's application of the guidelines to the facts. See United States v. Herula, 464 F.3d 1132, 1136 (10th Cir. 2006).

The initial sentencing guidelines range was 24 to 30 months. (See PSR ¶ 75.) However, because the applicable guidelines range exceeded the statutory maximum of 12 months, this range disappeared and was replaced by a fixed "guideline[s] sentence" of 12 months. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a).6

Mr. Turner's nine-month sentence varied from this guidelines sentence in his favor. He contends, however, that the extent of the favorable variance was not enough and, consequently, his sentence is unreasonable. Yet, we conclude that Mr. Turner has fallen far short of carrying his burden on this point.

Mr. Turner's argument on appeal is that he should have received a lower sentence because he pled guilty, he apologized for his behavior, and his offense was "minor in nature." (See Appl't Br. at 8-11.) These factors, viewed individually or in the aggregate, are clearly insufficient on these facts to transform a sentence involving a downward variance from the presumptively reasonable guidelines sentence – a variance benefitting Mr. Turner – into a sentence that is deemed substantively unreasonable because of its excessive length.7 See United States v. Chavez-Diaz, 444 F.3d 1223, 1227, 1229-
30 (10th Cir. 2006) (rejecting defendant's argument that district court did not vary downward enough in light of acknowledged "problems" with the medical care he received during pre-sentence imprisonment, which defendant claimed "rendered his pre-sentence confinement extraordinary"); cf. United States v. Terrel, 445 F.3d 1261, 1264-65 (10th Cir. 2006) (upholding district court's decision to give "heavy weight" to the guidelines, in deciding to vary downward but not as much as defendant argued was appropriate). Not surprisingly, Mr. Turner provides no case law to support his position.

Even though Mr. Turner's nine-month sentence is not the presumptively-
reasonable one under Kristl, we have no difficulty concluding that it is substantively reasonable. Our conclusion is supported by the very § 3553(a) factors upon which the sentencing court expressly relied.8 The sentencing court correctly noted the seriousness of the offense, which involved physical contact with a federal law enforcement officer. (Tr. at 27, 31); See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) ("nature and circumstances of the offense"); id. § 3553(a)(2)(A) ("seriousness of offense"). Indeed, Mr. Turner could have been charged under the felony provision of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a), thereby subjecting him to a statutory maximum of eight years. (Tr. at 31-32.) The sentencing court also properly emphasized Mr. Turner's extensive criminal history, which is replete with displays of physical and verbal hostility towards law enforcement officials. (See PSR ¶¶ 35, 38, 40, 46; Tr. at 30-31); 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) ("history and characteristics of defendant"). Furthermore, Mr. Turner failed to comply with the conditions of his pretrial release; he failed several drug screens and, at one point, cut off his electronic monitoring bracelet. (PSR ¶¶ 6, 10; Tr. at 31); 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A)-(B) (deterrence and respect for law).

Based upon the nature of the offense, Mr. Turner's criminal history, and his flaunting of the rules of pretrial release, the imposition of a nine-month sentence of imprisonment – three months below the guidelines sentence – was perhaps too reasonable. In any event, the length of Mr. Turner's sentence does not evince error. Therefore, we AFFIRM.

Entered for the Court

Jerome A. Holmes

Circuit Judge